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Facebook, Google, Twitter To Face US Lawmakers About Tech 'Censorship' (cnet.com) 176

Facebook, Google and Twitter are headed back to Washington next week to testify at a congressional hearing about alleged tech censorship. From a report: Tech companies have faced accusations that they're censoring conservative speech on their platforms. The companies have denied the allegations in the past. The hearing before the Senate Judiciary's subcommittee on the Constitution is scheduled for April 10 and is titled "Stifling Free Speech: Technological Censorship and the Public Discourse." A Facebook spokesperson said Neil Potts, its public policy director, will be testifying. Twitter and Google didn't immediately respond to a request for comment. A source familiar with the Senate hearing said Twitter and Google officials will also be attending. The hearing will likely mark Potts' second congressional appearance next week. Facebook and Google officials are expected to appear before the House Judiciary Committee on April 9 to answer questions about the spread of white nationalism on their platforms.
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Facebook, Google, Twitter To Face US Lawmakers About Tech 'Censorship'

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  • by Archangel Michael ( 180766 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:41PM (#58391446) Journal

    The problem is, they are either a platform or a publisher.

    The difference is in responsibility. If they are a platform, then they have a wide range of latitude on content on that platform. They aren't responsible. The moment they start picking an choosing, they start to become a publisher, and the content protection narrows substantially.

    Censorship is a natural tendency, and we all ought to fight against it in all its forms. The idea that some ideas are just "too dangerous" is a slippery slope that we don't want to ride down.

    • by Anonymous Coward

      I tend to agree with you, re platform vs publisher. But I've zero idea if what you're talking about is a belief or a law:

      - what rules exist that say if a platform starts censoring (automatically or via humans) the platform becomes a publisher?

      - and how , if they become a publisher, do they become liable for an opinion piece any more so than a newspaper?

      I'm not trolling, not meaning to make a point. I'm actually asking if we've rules / codes at the state or national level that codify these two activities (

      • by raymorris ( 2726007 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @05:49PM (#58392122) Journal

        The following is current US law.

        The phone company is not responsible for the content of any phone call, because they don't control the content of the communication. They don't even know what you're saying on the phone, so they aren't responsible for what you say using their phone network. That probably makes sense intuitively. This is long-standing law.

        If a magazine, such as US News and World Report, publishes libelous articles falsely accusing you of all kinds of things, with reckless disregard for the truth, they are responsible. You can sue them. Their writer and editor decided to publish those lies about you. This is also long-standing law.

        In essence, if they control what is said, they become responsible for their decisions. The term is "editorial control".

        Wise management of a platform, therefore, has been to refrain from editorial control. Don't decide what gets posted - or you will be responsible for what you decided to publish. Slashdot found a good way to do that. Nobody at Slashdot decides to remove "bad" posts. Rather, the readers decide how prominent a post should be. Slashdot gets the benefits of moderation (crap tends to become invisible fairly quickly) without the legal liability of Slashdot picking and choosing.

        > How , if they become a publisher, do they become liable for an opinion piece any more so than a newspaper?

        A newspaper is liable (responsible) for what they publish. Their editors decide what to publish and not publish. Because of freedom of the press protected by the first amendment, they are allowed to say pretty much anything that is either true or purely opinion. Libel will get them in trouble, and certain other things that aren't protected.

        Practical effects were that widely-distributed communications (broadcast) were controlled by media companies, which were responsible for their content; person-to-person communications such as phone calls and letters were only carried, not controlled, by large companies. Individuals were responsible for what they wrote, but they could only write to a few people at a time.

        Speaking of freedom of the press, for about thirty-five years there has been a push from the big government party to force publishers to publish whatever the Congressionally appointed bureacracy at the moment thinks is "fair". Relevant search terms include "fairness doctrine" and "equal time". Basically Reagan was good on television (he was a movie star), and the opposing party was trying to legistlate themselves more air time. The courts and the "limited government" party have pushed back on this, of course.

        More recently, as the web has become more popular, we've had more and more instances of individual speakers reaching large audiences, such as popular blogs, Twitter accounts, and YouTube channels. That means that an individual can reach a large audience. The company simply carries the communication, without editorial control. No longer do you have to be a large media company in order to have a sizeable audience.

        With that change, the long-standing separation between carriers and publishers (authors) has led to some uncomfortable situations. Does Facebook really have no responsibility for what is posted there? Well, is the postal service responsible for what is sent through the mail?

        With the new ability for individual speakers to reach significant audiences, compromise is sometimes used. Remember the phone company or the USPS isn't liable in part because they don't even know whether the content of the communication is lawful or not. In some cases, once the platform has been NOTIFIED of unlawful content, they can then follow a specified procedure to protect themselves from liability.

        One example of a specified procedure is a procedure available in instances of a claim of copyright violation. The copyright holder notifies the platform that they are hosting infringing material. The person who posted it can then notify the platform that they disagree, they say it's NOT infringing. If person w

      • The law is clear.

        Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (47 U.S.C. 230(c) [cornell.edu]) states:

        (c) Protection for “Good Samaritan” blocking and screening of offensive material

        (1) Treatment of publisher or speaker:

        No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.

        (2) Civil liability:

        No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of —

        (A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected; or

        (B) any action taken to enable or make available to information content providers or others the technical means to restrict access to material described in paragraph (1).

        1. They are not liable for what you post.

        2. They can censor you if they want to.

    • Totally agree... (Score:5, Insightful)

      by SuperKendall ( 25149 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @04:10PM (#58391634)

      The problem is, they are either a platform or a publisher.

      Yep, and that is what Congress is grilling them about - why should they remain classified as a platform when they are heavily shaping the views being published? As it stands Twitter is at this point just a really terrible newspaper.

      • Congress is doing no such thing. Congress is mixing a pot of shit to inflame perceptions and increase the political divide. They are doing so deliberately by confusing the issue of censorship among the impressionable and stupid.

        Any private company has the right to control the views expressed on their private web platforms in any way they see fit. If you are arguing otherwise you are arguing for government control of these platforms, a position that is NOT in the least a conservative platform. The congress c

        • Not at all.

          A private company has the right to control the views expressed on their private platform as long as they do not pretend they are not shilling for one side or the other and as long as they are not a monopoly. If they are a monopoly in their space then they are like the phone company which is not allowed to listen to people's communication or prevent communication which does not break the law. If they are not a monopoly censoring also makes them responsible for the posts of bad actors that are on t

        • If you are the new public square, you should be bound by the Constitution just like the government. The next major issue in politics will be the third-party loophole in the Constitution where "a private entity" can legally do something the government can't do, even if they do so for the government or are acting as a large digital public square yet having private-level control over what happens there. Huge social media sites should not be allowed to control the views expressed on their platforms; they are la
      • nothing more. Nothing less.

        Let's address the elephant in the room here right now. The overwhelming majority of bans have been right wing. The reason is, to be blunt, the right wing has let the white supremacists into their fold. Those people have always favored violence, and the major platforms are banning them for inciting violence multiple times. You ask your followers to rid you of some meddlesome priest enough times you get banned.

        What's scary is that the right is letting these violent folk run
    • Re: (Score:1, Troll)

      by Freischutz ( 4776131 )

      The problem is, they are either a platform or a publisher.

      The difference is in responsibility. If they are a platform, then they have a wide range of latitude on content on that platform. They aren't responsible. The moment they start picking an choosing, they start to become a publisher, and the content protection narrows substantially.

      Censorship is a natural tendency, and we all ought to fight against it in all its forms. The idea that some ideas are just "too dangerous" is a slippery slope that we don't want to ride down.

      Anybody who operates a platform is entitled to decide that a bunch of lunatics spewing all kinds of stupid conspiracy theories and hate can go elsewhere to express themselves. The lunatic convention that calls itself conservatives these days is perfectly free to set up competing platforms. If they really are the silent majority and enjoy a groundswell of support among the vast majority of the population I'm pretty sure those platforms will quickly outshine Facebook, Google and Twitter in popularity. Meanwhi

      • Anybody who operates a platform is entitled to decide that a bunch of lunatics spewing all kinds of stupid conspiracy theories and hate can go elsewhere to express themselves.

        Not if that platform is sufficiently public. The concept of a privately owned or privately operated public space is well established.

        Otherwise, every university, library, park, street, sidewalk, etc. would be leased to an NGO for operation and no protest would be allowed anywhere.

        • Anybody who operates a platform is entitled to decide that a bunch of lunatics spewing all kinds of stupid conspiracy theories and hate can go elsewhere to express themselves.

          Not if that platform is sufficiently public. The concept of a privately owned or privately operated public space is well established.

          Otherwise, every university, library, park, street, sidewalk, etc. would be leased to an NGO for operation and no protest would be allowed anywhere.

          One more time, why do the loonies that pass for conservatives these days insist on being reliant upon a bunch of us hated 'libtards' for a place from which to propagate their beliefs? They are perfectly free to set up their own rivals to Facebook, Google and Twitter (hail the sacred free market!!!) where only those are allowed to speak who pledge unconditional fealty to their orange god-emperor. Facebook, Google and Twitter are businesses with a brand. They are no more obliged to let any bat-shit crazy cons

          • One more time, why do the loonies that pass for conservatives these days insist on being reliant upon a bunch of us hated 'libtards' for a place from which to propagate their beliefs? They are perfectly free to set up their own rivals to Facebook, Google and Twitter

            You would think so, but you haven't been deplatformed yet and then found that other platforms that were open to you are being harassed out of business by the same thought police.

            You're O.K. with this bullshit because you aren't the one getting attacked yet for thought crimes. Don't be too smug though because things can change fast. Like for this guy:
            https://quillette.com/2018/07/... [quillette.com]

      • Great so we can count on these platforms to ban Rachel Maddow and other conspiracy theorist that think the real world is the Manchurian Candidate?

        I believe that if you look it is the liberals who need to think up a new name, because the vast majority of them, who are sane and rational are aghast at the socio-political philosophy being espoused by the identitarian left. When Nancy Pelosi Is the voice of reason you know that the loudest screamers are loony toon.

    • by DarkOx ( 621550 )

      The problem is that actually isn't how it works. These guys say they are platforms as defined by the Communications Decency Act. That is also the low that shields them from liability. The problem is ITS TERRIBLY LAW.

      If you actually read it there is no requirement platforms be neutral and nothing in the definition of platform to suggests all platforms the law is talking about would be assumed to be neutral. Sadly legally speaking Twitter and Facebook probably can play politics, advance content espousing

    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      The phone company is just a platform, a carrier, but still has an obligation to deal with abuse on its network. It's also free to boot off customers for a variety of reasons.

      Besides, why does everything have to fit the old models?

      • That "variety of reasons" does not include being a conservative. They also don't get to define what exactly constitutes "abuse".
        • That "variety of reasons" does not include being a conservative. They also don't get to define what exactly constitutes "abuse".

          Again I refer to the Communications Decency Act of 1996, Section 230, Part C, subsection 2...

          No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of —

          (A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected

          Anything they consider to be objectionable they can censor.

    • As soon as they started deleting or hiding tweets, posts, etc, they became publishers.
    • Even platforms are not protected much as we saw when Backpage was taken down because of what others were posting on backpage
    • It is only a problem because if they are a platform then they hold no responsibility, but the users of the platform do. If they are a publisher then they do hold responsibility. They have been dancing a line between the two but then so has the government. If Facebook is a platform then the government has to charge thousands of people, not something they want too do. If they are a publisher then they have to come down on their users. Not something Facebook wants too do.

      I am not sure whether your assertion th

    • which isn't much of an issue. DMCA protects them one way or another, same as it does for YouTube.

      Mega corps long since protected themselves from other mega corps.

      Censorship has it's place. We censor on /. all the time. Everytime an AC shit poster gets modded down until you can't see them that's censorship.
  • Oh, good Lord... (Score:4, Informative)

    by flippy ( 62353 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:43PM (#58391472) Homepage

    here we go again.

    Just because one has a right to express one's opinion in this country doesn't mean that any corporation has the obligation to carry/post/air your opinion on the platform they own.

    • by Bodhammer ( 559311 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:48PM (#58391512)
      They do if they act like a public square, and they clearly do. https://mtsu.edu/first-amendme... [mtsu.edu]
      • by flippy ( 62353 )
        Where in the article you linked to does it address privately-owned entities? Everything I read there (and I did go read it) talked about publicly- or government-owned spaces.
        • Re:Oh, good Lord... (Score:4, Interesting)

          by Bodhammer ( 559311 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @04:11PM (#58391638)
          • by flippy ( 62353 )

            That's splitting some really fine hairs, there. Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck concerns state law ("according to state law, “[c]hannel time shall be scheduled on the public access channel by the entity responsible for the administration thereof” on “a first-come, first-served, nondiscriminatory basis”. Furthermore, neither the city nor MNN may exercise “any editorial control” over the material to be broadcast unless it is obscene or otherwise unprotecte

            • The law is very clear. Why do you think protests can happen in a parking lot even if it's privately owned or operated?

              Why do you think religious nutters and cultists filled the airports up until we violated the constitution in the name of security to kick them out? The movie Airplane! has a great gag on this.

              If a space is publicly owned, publicly operated, or generally available to the public, then it's a public space.

              • You're right, the law is clear, but you're also wrong. You can protest on the PUBLIC SIDEWALK that runs past a privately owned parking lot, but you do not have a right to trespass on private property to protest. Just like you can protest on the sidewalk outside a bank, but you can't trespass inside the bank to protest without consequences.

                Municipal airports are publicly owned, not private property.

                Your third point is wrong because your first two points are wrong. No one has "a right" to trespass on private

              • by dryeo ( 100693 )

                You're obviously not understanding available to the public with a bunch of bad examples.
                A good example is a mall, and you are still very limited in how you can protest in a mall, and will be kicked out if you are being disruptive in your protest, and it is not hard to hit the disruptive point, just interfere with shoppers. But yes, you can stand quietly on the side and offer pamphlets.
                Even protesting in a government owned and operated building can see you thrown in jail. Try protesting during a trial in a c

          • Funny that you'd pick some narrow hair-splitting example and ignore one that's highly relevant and didn't go in your direction. https://www.bloomberg.com/news... [bloomberg.com]
            • by flippy ( 62353 )

              That, my friend, is exceptionally interesting. If I had any mod points, I'd mod you up.

              While I agree that it's at best disingenuous for these companies (FB, etc.) to claim to be open platforms while reserving the right to censor posts, the ruling in Taylor v. Twitter is pretty clear, at least at the state level.

              For the record, I think it's a pretty shady thing to claim to be an open platform and also claim that you can censor whatever you like because it's your platform. I'm just not sure they're in any l

      • Here's the first sentence (emphasis mine):

        The public forum doctrine is an analytical tool used in First Amendment jurisprudence to determine the constitutionality of speech restrictions implemented on government property.

        • It's not quite that simple though, and there's legal precedence that first amendment rights can apply to private property as well: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama [wikipedia.org]. The argument really will come down to what extent Twitter is a public space. If it is viewed as one they will lose some ability to regulate what content can be posted there.
      • No.

        Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (47 U.S.C. 230(c) [cornell.edu]) states:

        (c) Protection for “Good Samaritan” blocking and screening of offensive material

        (1) Treatment of publisher or speaker:

        No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.

        (2) Civil liability:

        No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of —

        (A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such material is constitutionally protected; or

        (B) any action taken to enable or make available to information content providers or others the technical means to restrict access to material described in paragraph (1).

        There is no exception to subsection 2 a because you think they are a "public square" -they are defined by law as a platform.

        The EFF [eff.org] has an analysis and explanation of the law as well.

      • The public forum doctrine is an analytical tool used in First Amendment jurisprudence to determine the constitutionality of speech restrictions implemented on government property.

        No, Facebook is not gov't property. If you want to have the government make a public Facebook and/or YouTube go right ahead. Just like Public Access anything goes. But that would of course be Socialism. Not sure if you're cool with that or not, or with your tax dollars paying for a public Facebook & YouTube.

    • by Z80a ( 971949 )

      But do this right extend to the right to form a collusion with every online payment system to avoid any sort of alternative place to exist?

    • They pushed themselves as middleman to soak up all the people who didn't know better. Who gives a shit [about nothing except the question] if the shennagans are legal, other than spineless assholes or sociopaths?

      Adult human beings have the obligation to not look the other way when double (or even no standards, just an opaque set of motives with spouted lip service you'd have to be a moron to believe), are applied to silence people, when people are preyed on, and so on.

  • by WillAffleckUW ( 858324 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:46PM (#58391496) Homepage Journal

    Just break them up and stop letting them promote Nazis on their sites.

  • by SuricouRaven ( 1897204 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:48PM (#58391506)

    It can be politically awkward to admit it, but there's a very plausible explanation for this: Maybe political views just correlate with things which violate the usage policy? Check out a few conservative sites and you don't need to go far to find 'gays are plotting to rape your children' conspiracy theories, people calling for illegal immigrants to be treated as hostile invaders and shot at the border, and rumors of an Islamic takeover. Hardly surprising that they would sometimes get caught crossing the AUP line.

    And that's before you read the comments sections. Never read the comments sections. It's not healthy.

    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      by Anonymous Coward

      Yeah, it's not like the Left wing isn't calling for violence against innocent adults and children because they offend them...

      Hypocrite.

      • by Anonymous Coward

        you're not innocent if you're a conservative.

        Conservatives are a clear and present danger to the functioning and well being of western civilisation.

      • Of course some of them are. But which has the greatest number of people making such calls?

        • by Anonymous Coward

          Leftists, you think it is right-wingers because they're "better" about following through.
           
          But this is a red herring, we're talking about rules being inconstantly applied.

        • by Anonymous Coward on Friday April 05, 2019 @04:50PM (#58391868)
          So here is an example. When the Covington Kids scandal broke and people were still being fed only one side of the story, several prominent leftists came out asking to dox the kids and post their addresses and names, stating that their faces were "punchable", and asking to confront the kids at every opportunity. This includes Kathy Griffin, and several prominent journalists.
          • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

            Can you name these "prominent leftists"? I keep hearing about them but no-one seems to know who they are, despite their prominence. When pushed they usually turn out to be some kid on YouTube.

      • I mean, I can point to Pat Robertson [wikipedia.org] as an example of the homosexuality stuff and the President of the United States [usatoday.com] for the immigrant shooting.

        Can you provide a single prominent member of the left who advocated violence and bigotry of some kind?

        You've got the SJWs I suppose. So lets see. On the right we have a religious leader with millions of followers and the POTUS openly advocating violence on national TV. On the left you've got a handful of annoying blue haired college girls that nobody listens
    • by Anonymous Coward

      Did you not listen to Tim Pool's interview with Twitter's Vijaya Gadde over the Covington incident? People were calling for the kids to be thrown in the wood chipper and her excuse as to why those tweets weren't deleted was, "it depends on context".

      They are absolutely pushing an agenda and they know it. Selectively enforcing a TOS.

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by sexconker ( 1179573 )

        That interview as amazing. You can excuse anything Jack says with the "he's the head of the company, he doesn't know the details" bullshit, but Vijaya exposed their BS time after time after time with her responses.

        It'll be exhibit A when this shit goes to trial.

      • to be thrown in a wood chipper. I _do_ recall the kid's wealthy parents hiring a well known PR firm and the mass media coming to their defense after the initial clicks from that picture were used up.

        I also recall hearing the full story, which was that the kids got into a shouting match with a bunch of radical black activists (who themselves were being asshats, to be fair, but they were also very clearly nut jobs of the sort decent people ignore) so they went and got all their friends together to _hopefu
    • by Anonymous Coward

      Remember Covington kids. The ones liberals were saying to throw in a wood chipper head first because they wore a red hat?
      That wasn't censored.

      Fuck liberals and their fucking double standards. They are literally calling for the violent killing of kids because of the color of their hats and saying other people are the violent ones.

      Fuck off you piece of shit.

  • by Anonymous Coward on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:48PM (#58391514)

    Google/Facebook/Twitter all want freedom from any liability for what gets posted on THEIR sites.

    They got that from the government in return for ensuring freedom of speech on their sites.

    If they don't want to support true freedom of speech, let them be liable for everything posted.

    • by WCMI92 ( 592436 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:57PM (#58391560) Homepage

      Very good point. Facebook, for example demands that you MUST allow their creepy "targeted" ads. Despite laws passed in the EU that make that illegal.

      These companies get to have their cake and eat it too. That alone is an argument for breaking them up.

      • They even let corporations redline rentals and other things that are expressly illegal in various states.

        Breaking up is something that just needs to happen.

        Or we could go Australia and jail their senior execs for a few years.

      • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

        Facebook, for example demands that you MUST allow their creepy "targeted" ads.

        Even if you don't use Facebook? How do they do that?

        There is no need to interfere with content providers. There's too many of them to choose from. The users can turn Facebook into the next MySpace the moment they want and use something else. Real censorship is happening at the ISP level. That is what we need to attack.

    • by meglon ( 1001833 )
      I think you have your ideas of why things happened all fucked up. I get it, it helps your narrative.... it's also wrong.
    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      "They got that from the government in return for ensuring freedom of speech on their sites."

      Where does it say that have to ensure freedom of speech on exchange for protection from liability? And what is the definition of freedom of speech used? Does it include, for example, porn? Does Facebook have to allow porn?

    • the DMCA has plenty of Safe Harbor provisions for them. There's no issue there. Facebook can ban whoever and still be safe. They are not and have never been a dumb carrier. They don't want to be. Their current process works just fine. Send some DMCA take downs and they pull the content and they're safe. Period.

      This is grandstanding by the GOP. Don't fall for it. It's got nothing to do with Freedom of Speech. The same old white dudes that'll be grilling Facebook fought to keep sex and violence out of comi
  • by WCMI92 ( 592436 ) on Friday April 05, 2019 @03:50PM (#58391524) Homepage

    Three companies that need to be smashed into a thousand pieces.

    Sorry Microsoft, you were 1990's evil.

  • by Anonymous Coward

    Conservative speech is reprehensible to any patriotic freedom-loving American. They have become the same people their ancestors fought against in WWII, fascists.

    Fascists are the enemy of the state.

  • by Anonymous Coward

    So one week, they're grilled over "allowing" far-right hate speech in the name of preventing terrorism. The next, they're grilled over "supressing" right-leaning speech in the name of censorship. So which is it? Do you want them to censor, or do you not? Who draws the line?

  • Waste more time on shit that will never really matter. Uncle Sam has no reason to poke at any of these companies. American people can choose not to use them. I hate all forms of censorship, but at the end of the day, I'll kick you outta my house for using offensive hate speech. You're welcome to go spout bullshit anywhere else, but not in my place. It's MINE.

    How is this different?

  • Those platforms have been warned to stop the bullshit trolling posts.

    Most of those come from anti-immigration, anti-refugee, anti-abortion, anti-LGBTQ civil rights, #2A batshit cray cray Rambos, white nationalists, undereducated white Evangelical Christian right wing motherfuckers.

    The hate groups want to sit with the grownups.

  • Please get a copy of the Bill Of Rights. The 1st Amendment refers to Government censorship. If a company, say Fox refuses to publish the Trump lies, that is not a violation of the 1st Amendment. If the mayor of Brighton Beach were to prevent any speech about Trumps lies about "WikiLeaks", We have a1st Amendment violation. Google facebook etc are coming to Congressional hearings to prevent the government to act against their corporations by claiming ignorantly that private businesses and citizens do not ha

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