Want to read Slashdot from your mobile device? Point it at m.slashdot.org and keep reading!

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
The Internet Your Rights Online News

ICANN vs. ccTLDs in Geneva 80

Gallowglass writes "The Register is reporting on an interesting meeting in Geneva. To quote from the article, 'Why the huge fuss? Because the meeting threatened to turn into a caucus where rising resentment against ICANN and its attempt to stamp ultimate authority over the Internet could have escalated into international agreement and action.' Didn't quite, but the natives are restless. The article has links to all presentations given at the two day meeting, and also an audio of the event at the bottom of the article. It's also a good summary of the controversy and of its history."
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

ICANN vs. ccTLDs in Geneva

Comments Filter:
  • BRING DOWN ICANN (Score:4, Insightful)

    by josh crawley ( 537561 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @10:57AM (#5448787)
    Do they ever stop harassing and stopping Name Resolution? Hell, they KEPT DOCUMENTS FROM THEIR OWN PRESIDENT, and he eventually quit.

    OH, and how many 'public' members are still on the ICANT^HN?? None.
    • by Sheetrock ( 152993 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:05AM (#5448839) Homepage Journal
      What's the alternative? We need a central authority on domain name issues to ensure that standards are kept and every country is on an equal footing when disputes occur. ICANN, like any other organization that is in ultimate control of a resource, can't please everybody, but as mentioned in the article breaking it up would make the domain name system more worthless than IP addresses.

      I think there are a lot of people with business interests in getting a piece of ICANN for themselves, but giving it to them would hamper the interests of everybody who enjoys a stable Internet. Most people who dig beneath the anti-ICANN arguments to look at the facts and logic behind the situation come to realize that it is a necessary evil to cede control to one entity rather than trying to run DNS by committee.

      • by FreeUser ( 11483 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:33AM (#5448992)
        What's the alternative? We need a central authority on domain name issues to ensure that standards are kept and every country is on an equal footing when disputes occur.

        Absolute nonsense. All we need is a treaty that top level domains will be handled in a compatible fashion, so that folsk in .de can resolve domain names in .ru, .us, uk, etc. Those countries can then resolve disputes within their domains according to their own laws, without the heavy hand of ICANN and its injustice-for-money-your-way resolution approach.

        For international domains, such as .com, .org, .edu, etc. the body responsible for administering the treaty can be used. This body should most emphatically NOT be ICANN, whose record of abuses and thuggary is both appalling and enormous.

        There really is no need for a central authority whatsoever ... beyond mutual agreements to avoid top level domain name collisions. Frankly, I'd like to see a situation in which anyone can create any toplevel domain, on a first come, first serve basis, and have it be resolved by everyone. Sort of an OpenNIC on steroids, without the authority (democratic in OpenNIC's case, authoritarian in ICANN's), but that is probably too much to hope for.

        Nevertheless, national autonomy in ccTLDs is neither inappropriate nor too much to hope for ... it is the current status quo, and should remain so.
        • I agree with everything but the part about "first come, first serve" unless there is a limit to how many times an entity or individual can be first. Or maybe anyone can suggest a new TLD, but there is a six month waiting period, if anyone else tries to register that same TLD within that time, there is a lottery to determine who gets it. Otherwise, what's to stop me from just running through /usr/share/dict and being first for just about everything you might want?
        • Absolute nonsense. All we need is a treaty that top level domains will be handled in a compatible fashion, so that folsk in .de can resolve domain names in .ru, .us, uk, etc. Those countries can then resolve disputes within their domains according to their own laws, without the heavy hand of ICANN and its injustice-for-money-your-way resolution approach.

          Especially since the likes of trademarks are subject to national laws in the first place.

          For international domains, such as .com, .org, .edu, etc. the body responsible for administering the treaty can be used.

          How many top level international domains are actually needed? Especially were the DNS to be used as intended.

        • For international domains, such as .com, .org, .edu ...


          Why do we need any generic international domains at all?
      • What about running DNS by free market? I.e., have multiple top-level arbiters for different DNS systems. Then, users and websites would select the system that had the best reputation, and that DNS system would in turn be able to charge more for registration.
      • ---What's the alternative?'

        Bringing pitchforks and torches and burn/stab the idiots out of ICANN HQ and take over the servers??? Or how about the Fiber-seeking-backhoe?
      • What's the alternative? We need a central authority on domain name issues to ensure that standards are kept and every country is on an equal footing when disputes occur.

        Perhaps, but an organization that carries such a role needs the respect and support of its constituants. There is a big question about whether or not ICANN fits that bill. Ican seems to have foolishly spent the goodwill that it started with. Many (most?) of the people who understand the history and intent of both the internet and ICANN seem to be entirely unhappy with ICANN.

        In short, ICANN seems to be acting more like a despot than a consensus maker. Until this changes, many countries are likely to continue to be loathe to vow fealthy to the directors of ICANN.

        If it is absolutely necessary to have ICANN be the central authority, then it may be necessary to disolve ICANN in it's current form and reconstitute it almost from scratch.

    • Re:BRING DOWN ICANN (Score:4, Interesting)

      by plcurechax ( 247883 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:55AM (#5449111) Homepage
      Hell, they KEPT DOCUMENTS FROM THEIR OWN PRESIDENT, and he eventually quit.

      Karl Auerbach [cavebear.com] was elected to the Board of Directors (At-Large Representative for Canada and the United States), he was not the president.

      Karl did win his case [eff.org] with support from the EFF.

      Stuart Lynn [icann.org] is President and CEO of ICANN. He is the one that is attempting to control ICANN through both day-to-day operations as President, and the Board as CEO. Stuart seems very intent in increases his power, and his domain of power, the role and responsibilities of ICANN.

      I am miffed that IANA [iana.org] was assigned [icann.org] by the US Dept. of Commerce to ICANN, and not the Internet Society [isoc.org] / Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) [ietf.org]
    • This is so typical of that greedy form of American Capitalism. Use your power to kick the "good" guys off the board, then corrupt the business to increase profits until you run it into the ground. Rinse, repeat.
    • You've got it slightly wrong - ICANN's president tried to withhold documents from members of ICANN's Board of Directors. I, being one of those directors, had to bring legal action in order to look at ICANN's financial ledgers despite clear and unambiguous language in the applicable law that directors have the "absolute right to inspect and copy" such records. I won absolutely and completely; ICANN's behaviour was declared unlawful and that ICANN compared poorly with Enron.

      The details are all online at http://www.eff.org/Infra/DNS_control/ICANN_IANA_IA HC/Auerbach_v_ICANN/ [eff.org]

      I am still on ICANN's board - I'm a temporary boardsquatter (although I don't hold a candle to those board members who were appointed for one year terms but who have self-extended themselves into their fifth year.)

      As for ICANN and ccTLDs (country code top level domains) - one of the big issues is that ICANN is using its ability to control the delivery of IANA services - things like updating the delegation NS records - to coerce country code operators into signing contracts with ICANN. ICANN left several big ccTLDs - .de/Germany for example - at risk of failure for weeks and weeks because ICANN demanded that the .de folks sign ICANN's contract and submit to unconstrained ICANN access to personal information in .de's databases that would in all likelyhood have violated Germany's privacy laws.

      Even though on the internet we may not be able to tell whether someone is a dog, ICANN is trying to set itself up as the authority to say who is and who is not a country.

      ICANN could, for example, decide who gets to run the domain name .iq (Iraq) - or (considering the developing confrontation on the UN Security Council) who gets to run .fr (France), .de (Germany), or .ru (Russia).

      ICANN's treats country codes as merely database entries and not as an aspect associated with a sovereign nation. The sovereign nations, of course, take a rather different view. They don't pariticularly like having their existance on the internet subject to the private whims of a secretive private organization that exists in the United States and which is largely a private arm of the US Department of Commerce.
      • i think i speak for everyone when I say this post should be "insightful". the guy somewhat knows what he's talking about, neh?
  • by MosesJones ( 55544 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:06AM (#5448844) Homepage

    Okay what do _you_ want to see replace ICANN, what would make _you_ happy.

    Then look at the real players at this event and think. Is the issue that ICANN has too much control or that...

    These people, corporations and goverments want a slice of the pie and to dictate it all themselves.

    Now given how these things tend to go I wouldn't bet large amounts of Turkish Lira, let alone Dollars, Euros or Pounds that if ICANN is toppled that the resulting quango isn't just a collection of "interested parties" aka "the usual suspects" who try and define the rules for themselves. Lets face it this goes in with the copyright issues in the US, the WTO "screw the 3rd world" and corporatisation of politics and policy.

    ICANN might be total and utter nutters and a total pain in the arse. But are you REALLY sure that what comes next won't be worse ?
    • by syle ( 638903 ) <syle@waygate. o r g> on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:29AM (#5448969) Homepage
      I, for one, know that Microsoft is the only company who can be trusted to control the future of the internet.

      We should let them control it. After all, their vision is the vision of a peacful humanity, living in harmony where all the MS-Citizens have equal rights to whatever MS-TLD they choose, and the MS-DNS would happily MS-Route all the MS-IP packets to their perfect destinations.

      Really, isn't that an idealing MS-World we can all be happy with?

    • "But are you REALLY sure that what comes next won't be worse ?"

      Are you REALLY sure that what comes next won't be better ?

      maybe a better question would be "Are you REALLY sure that doing nothing is better than trying to change or to replace the actual system ? "

      ... and, btw, if you are really sure about predicting such complex issues, please share your knowledge and experience with us.

    • I want an automated domain registration system. Everyone gets one domain name for free. Your second domain name costs something reasonable, similar to current prices, but everything after that increases is price exponentially. If you want 3 domain name its going to cost you like $20 a month. If you want 50, it'll cost you possibly millions. That sort of thing.
      • Mod this shit up!!!!!!!

        And now mod me down...
      • When I get some spare time I hope to throw together a DNS registration system that operates roughly as follows:

        - Someone sends in a request for a name, the system checks whether it is available, and if so, generates a digitally signed certificate of ownership - consider it a kind of "bearer" bond representing ownership of the domain.

        - That certificate can be transferred through a transfer agent (who would provide non-repudiation protection) but who would not necessarily be able to know what domain name the certificate represented.

        - Anyone who wants to change the registration data - mainly the list of name servers - would have to present a the current copy of the certificate ("current" meaning that it is subject to a check with the a transfer agent to make sure that a pre-transfer copy isn't being used)

        - Garbage collection would be performed either by no queries for the name for some defined period of time or the expiration of something like 100 years.

        I figure that this system could be inexpensive (remember, the main cost of today's DNS registration system is billing and that that what one is paying for is to stop someone from doing the work to remove a name from the registration database). I figure that $25 could buy a registration for a 100 years. (ICANN's rules limit registrations - nobody knows why - to 10 years.)

        The system could also be anonymous as long as the initial registration and transfer agent mechanisms self-lobotomize themselves to forget everything they knew about the identity of the parties involved.
    • Actually, I think things could be just fine without totally abolishing ICANN. If they were forced to live up to the democratic system that they were originally supposed to put in place, with elected representatives, everything would probably be quite a lot better. We need to toss out the current board of ICANN, elect a new board, and let them get back to doing things right. The jackasses that are running things now are the reason for all the problems.


    • Okay what do _you_ want to see replace ICANN...


      The functions that ICANN should be performing are minimal,
      and I'd like to see their replacement deligate as possible.
      For example, instead of creating a body that resolves international disputes in the name space,
      I'd much rather that they divied up the domains amongst .cc codes,
      assigned jurisdiction over disputes of those names to the respective countries,
      and eliminated all non-cc TLDs. (They can be moved under an existing .cc)

      The only thing NewICCAN would need to do is keep the administrative records for a few hundred cc TLDs.
      If a government wanted to, it could assign control over it's domain space to the current ICANN,
      but I doubt that any government except the US actually would.

      -- this is not a .sig
    • I've suggested splitting ICANN into a number of small bodies, most of which would be essentially clerical or service bureaus with no discretionary powers.

      Take a look at http://www.cavebear.com/rw/apfi.htm [cavebear.com] for details.
  • by arvindn ( 542080 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:10AM (#5448865) Homepage Journal
    10 mins since the story posted and only 10 comments so far??

    Could it really be that /.ers are going and reading the article???

    If so, today, 6th March 2003 will be remembered as a special day in the history of slashdot ;^)

    • You forget that its almost 5am in most of the united states.
      Sure, there are plenty of posters in other countrys, But this is when slashdot decieds to break^H^H^H^H^Hupdate their slashcode install, so just assume somethings broke.
  • ICANN's reputation (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Alcohol Fueled ( 603402 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:11AM (#5448872) Homepage
    "ICANN has achieved the goal of expanding and encouraging the Internet but at huge cost to its reputation."

    Okay, this doesn't make much sense. If they expanded and encouraged the Internet, wouldn't that be a good thing? It seems to me that if they expanded and encouraged the Internet, they'd be seen as good people. That sentence from the article makes it sound like it's a bad thing. The Internet gives people access to a wealth of information and helps them do their shopping, banking, etc. It's just my opinion that if they've helped more people get that ability, they shouldn't have this whole "huge cost to their reputation" thing.

    • by Anonymous Coward
      What they oughta do is turn ICANN over to the United Nations.
      • And then what? Endless meetings and resolutions before anythings is done?

        I think everyone and his mother has a "solution" to this problem. Including myself. But most are expressions of what they would like it to be instead of what would be best for everyone involved without targeting anyone specific. (which ironically is what i would like it to be.. :-)

        Not a company nor a country should be "ruling" the internet but a non-profit organisation with members of different countries where chairmanship is rotated every x months or so to a representative of one of the involved parties. This way there will be no hidden agenda's played out because no-one stays in charge for too long and everyone can have a say in which direction the body should go.

        Ideally this organisation would have thinktanks with regards to anything involved it's decision making and the "member of the board" should have at least some basic understanding of the technology involved with the Internet. It's records and dealings should be publicly available , preferably through the Internet, in a format for anyone to see (i.e. a non proprietary format like Word's .doc). Any meetings should be webcast so involved and interested parties can see and hear what's going on.

        The UN is unfortunatly not a right choice since they do have hidden agenda's. The UN is furthermore not a very transparant organisation and this would certainly be no better then ICANN.

      • Why?

        The presidency of the United Nations Human Rights Commission passes to Libya this year. No kidding.

        It's a trite example I suppose but my point is that multinational organisations like the UN are hampered by smaller members punching above their weight. Thich could cause no end of hassle for something that relies on consistency and majority consent like the Standards that Govern the Internet (TM).

        OK, this post is probably off-topic, but those are my thoughts.
      • by Anonymous Coward
        What they oughta do is turn ICANN over to the United Nations.

        No, no, no... turn it over to Iraq. Then everyone will be behind the war effort!

    • by arkanes ( 521690 ) <arkanes@NoSPam.gmail.com> on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:14AM (#5448897) Homepage
      Translation: The Internet has spread expanded and been encouraged, and ICANN has no doubt helped, but at the same time it's enormous fuckups have engendered massive ill-will in the Internet community.
  • by Ratface ( 21117 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @11:45AM (#5449048) Homepage Journal
    I and many others voted for him in the open elections specifically so that he would be there to fight the good fight in discussions like these. Submitting a paper and then having ICANN read a synopsis an then disclaim the paper would seem to do more harm than good.

    Having said that, its probably worth adding "Force ICANN to reconsider its policy regarding cc TLDs" to the list of impossible things to do before your breakfast!
    • It costs a signifcant amount of money to run around the world to rebut ICANN's paid mouthpieces. ICANN's president, who was in Geneva on Wednesday, had been in Taiwan only a couple of days before - all on ICANN's (and thus indirectly, your) tab. ICANN's travel budget is utterly amazing. But that travel fund is available only to those who kow tow to ICANN's management.

      I was amused at ICANN director Hans Kr...'s comment that my submission was merely my personal opinion. ICANN's board has never voted on the policy put into place by ICANN's "staff" in which ICANN holds ccTLDs out to dry unless they sign contracts with ICANN. Al Capone in Chicago also probably never formally announced his "protection" racket, but it didn't take much insight to recognize that it was, in fact, there.
      • I had guessed that budgetary considerations would be the root of the problem and my comments read more like a personal criticism than they were meant to. I'd like to say that you've been doing a great job (imho) in extremely adverse circumstances and all things considered I'm surprised you haven't just thrown in the towel!

        Good luck!
  • by Anonymous Coward
    truly, IEEE rulez. ICANN can't, so eventually there will be a smorgasboard of domain jurispudence with many flags of convenience ... democracy scales well, whew

    2tec ~ makes connections
  • by symbolic ( 11752 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @12:00PM (#5449141)
    Consider this quote from the article: Many country domain managers are furious at ICANN's constant efforts to get them to sign up to a new set of ICANN terms and conditions - often under threat of withholding vital services - that would effectively hand over control of their domain to the organisation.

    This an issue that people all over the world face , both collective entities and individuals, as more and more centralized authorities attempt to both aggregate and control information, as well as any associated privileges it may confer.

    While some might argue that a centralized authority is necessary for an organized, well-structured effort, I'd point out that centralized authorities are a form of power and control. Human nature being what it is, this often leads to an effort to acquire more of the same, regardless of its effect on any initial objectives. ICANN should be looking for ways to centralize control over matters related to manage a set of general guidelines within which each member must operate, while still allowing them an appropriate degree of autonomy. It all boils down to an issue of sovreignty, and how this will manifest itself with respect to the internet.
  • by Anonymous Coward on Thursday March 06, 2003 @12:09PM (#5449216)
    Well the ITU definitly isn't the body I want to let mess with internet addressing.
    • ITU Paper only available for Money. CHF 750 per year (USD 500).
    • ITU Papers all rights reserved, not for republishing and mirroring
    • ITU Papers in original Word-format or PDF

    Do you trust such an agency?


    See for yourself. http://www.itu.int/

    • Unfortunatly, ITU's only income is through the sale of the standards & papers. That worked well when it was primarily telco's interested in the standards, but doesn't neccessarily work well in an internet model.
  • ccTLD whois (Score:3, Interesting)

    by XNormal ( 8617 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @12:10PM (#5449217) Homepage
    Now that virtually all WHOIS clients support redirection to the WHOIS servers of various registrars using the "Whois Server:" line it should be easy for whois.internic.net to send redirections to ccTLD whios server so we could finally have a single WHOIS server that answers all requests.

    Of course, with the current situation I don't expect they would actually implement such as scheme.
    • Re:ccTLD whois (Score:4, Insightful)

      by bfree ( 113420 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @03:28PM (#5451376)
      You are porbably addressing the exact arguments of the ccTLDs with your statement! What if a country does not wish to have a whois service? Your approach is that they must, the countries is that it is up to them to decide whether or not they want to implement it. Look at this page [www.ucd.ie] to see how EU laws regarding data protection made the Irish domain registry remove whois. If we have one world government to rule them all then perhaps we can start to allow ICANN (or their replacement) to govern all the TLDs but until then each ccTLD should be allowed to run intself under any rules it desires. If China/France/Namibia chooses to make their TLD incompatible with the rest of the world why not? DNS is not TCP/IP and as long as a network complies with TCP/IP standards then it is on the net regardless of whether or not they use a DNS system at all or even one which is compatible with the rest of the net. It is up to each hostmaster to determine how they want to progress and whose rules they wish to submit to for any dns resolution they may require.
  • by collapser ( 610412 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @12:38PM (#5449494) Homepage
    (spoiler: i probably don't know what im talking about)

    in my mind the best solution would be to hand control to an org with a board of appointed members each representing their own nation (say, the Ministar de Intarweb for Erewhon);
    such as the UN. Proposals and issues could then be dealt with on a consensual basis, and organisations concerned with TLDs based in those countries could then communicate their issues to their Minister/Spokesman/whatever
    funding for tech expertise etc etc can also come through those channels

    the UN makes consensual decisions pretty well (at least as well as it can), why not model after it?
    • UN success stories:

      Stopping the genocide in Rwanda
      Stopping the genocide in Cambodia
      Ending the Traffic in Human Slavery
      Solving the Isreali/Palestinian conflict
      Solving the division of Cyprus
      Ending the civil wars in equitorial Africa

      And those are just the big successes where the prevented the loss of tens of millions of lives. It doesn't count the daily successes of ending international tyrany and misery everywhere else.

      Yes, The UN should be the ICANN model.

    • The UN is ineffective; the simple reason is that for major decisions, it requires unanimity of the security council to send UN troops anywhere.

      Look at the current Iraq issue: any member of the security council can veto any resolution. So even if there is unanimity, minus one... no action.

      Basically, this means that the UN can't even vote to censure a security council member's behaviour, because that member would veto the resolution. Thus the top level people effectively have carte blanche: even if everyone in the UN wanted to stand against them, they would have to do it as individual nations, without organization.

      All in all, it's pretty toothless. Which has been both good and bad historically (e.g. no UN peacekeepers landing in Waco, Texas, or in Alabama after Brown vs. The Board Of Education, or in Berkeley, CA, etc., during the Vietnam War).

      But for an organization which *has* to make decisions on protocols or assignments of address blocks, or dispute resolution, the ability for one member state to render the whole organization indecisive really can't be tolerated.

      -- Terry
      • Only the permanent members of the security council have vetos. The other members can only vote against a proposal.
      • But for an organization which *has* to make decisions on protocols or assignments of address blocks, or dispute resolution, the ability for one member state to render the whole organization indecisive really can't be tolerated.

        This is pretty much off-topic since although the ITU is now an accredited member body of the UN it actually existed before the UN and has a very different history.

        The security council is only one part of the UN. The rules were written with one aim in mind, to prevent proxy wars between the permanent members turning into direct wars between the permanent members. It has succeeded in this.

        The current impasse is actually how the system is supposed to work. There is no military power that can constrain the US, however the rest of the world community has a degree of constraint through the security council. The US recognises that it will look pretty stupid using enforcement of a UN resolution as casus belli if the UN withholds its support for the action.

        The noise being made about the Iraq issue discredting the security council is hogwash. It has never had any credibility in the first place. It only authorized one action in the cold war - Korea that turned into a minor fiasco. The next action it authorized was Iraq after the USSR collapsed. It had a brief spell of activity in a peace keeping mode afterwards until Somalia turned into a disaster.

        The French position actually makes sense if you are French. Their principal fear is that the US will become a hegemonic power. Clearly if they simply buckle under the case being made by this administration they lose that battle. The French hope is that the US will go in, get maulled in urban warfare, conduct an increasingly unpopular occupation and finally retreat with tail between legs. It is not the outcome I prefer, but looking at the difference between claims made for the ecconomic plan and the results of the ecconomic plan I think Bush's shower could screw up anything.

  • by Anonymous Coward on Thursday March 06, 2003 @12:57PM (#5449751)
    "The Internet is a very special flower in the garden of the world's communities. One that needs continuous and careful watering."

    Bwahaa. The Internet is like Kudzu, overrunning and strangling all the other networks in the garden, and grafting into them and transforming them, borg-like, into more kudzu.

    ICANN should stick to its technical mission -- keeping track of the names and numbers.
  • Public Utility (Score:3, Interesting)

    by Ducon Lajoie ( 30475 ) on Thursday March 06, 2003 @02:25PM (#5450680)
    The article quotes SG Utsumi saying that the Internet should be considered a public utility.

    On one hand, this bring me the image of PSTN monopolies of the 70's, with the abuses and inefficiencies.

    On the other hand, regulated QoS levels, mandatory public access and connectivity mandate, common carrier obligation are all things that the broadband industry could use right now.

    I wonder if the Internet is not mature enough to desserve the status of public utility, like the power grid, the water network, sewers, etc.

    I think it would help to put emphasis on the "common good infrastructure" bit. it would prevent AOL or other providers to use their provider business to leverage their content business. It would ultimately help competition on the service provider side by giving an even playing field on the connectivity providing side.

    It's a topic I haven't seen addressed on /. yet, maybe because many people seem allergic to any regulation of the networks. But I do beleive in the multilateral process and maybe it's time to see what it can do for the Internet.
  • ...when the only way to get to anything was by IP adress, doesn't it?
  • by Anonymous Coward
    The ITU didn't try to dominate the Internet. They created a set of specs for a WAN that had nothing to do with the Internet. However, the Internet came along with a simpler, cheaper, more elegant approach and made them irrelevant.

An authority is a person who can tell you more about something than you really care to know.

Working...