Follow Slashdot stories on Twitter

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
Crime Businesses Government

Tasers Implicated In Far More Deaths Than We Previously Thought (fastcompany.com) 191

tedlistens writes: Independent studies have showed that when deployed correctly -- according to "guidelines" manufacturer Axon offers to police -- Tasers reduce injuries among both officers and the people they subdue. But amid a lack of official data about their use and effects, a new report by Reuters found 1,005 incidents in the U.S. in which people died after police stunned them with the electrical weapons, most since the early 2000s. The Taser was ruled to be a cause or contributing factor in 153 of those deaths -- far more than the 24 cases the company has counted. Reuters found that 9 in 10 of those who died were unarmed and one in four suffered from mental illness or neurological disorders; In 9 of every 10 incidents reviewed, the deceased was unarmed; More than 100 of the fatal encounters began with a 911 call for help during a medical emergency. Earlier this year, Axon rebranded, dropping the name Taser International to underscore its focus on body cameras and digital evidence, which is meant in part to add new transparency to fatal police encounters.
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

Tasers Implicated In Far More Deaths Than We Previously Thought

Comments Filter:
  • by Frosty Piss ( 770223 ) * on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:01PM (#55090355)

    In other news, in the hands of Law Enforcement, tasers produced far fewer deaths than firearms!

    On a more serious note, I am a little disturbed by the occasional video that comes out showing cops tasing someone over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over, and low and behold, it turns out not to be good for the person being tased.

    • by Anonymous Coward

      Shocking isn't it...

      • by Whibla ( 210729 )

        Ohm my god, that was a terrible pun!

        Watt is the world coming to?

        (And before you all start, I'm just lightning the mood...)

    • by Wulfson ( 548350 )
      Yeah, I would find the percentage of death vs use more interesting... especially if compared to the same statistic for when they shoot people.
      • Yeah, I would find the percentage of death vs use more interesting... especially if compared to the same statistic for when they shoot people.

        153 deaths in 16 years seems like it would be a very small percentage, I imagine they have been used many thousands of times. 10 people per year is a death statistic that bath tubs would love to improve to.

        This journalist is negligent for not including all the data required for people to truly understand the extent of the problem. Too bad we can't have nice things when it comes to comprehensive reporting.

      • The problem with that comparison is that people refer to tasers as 'non-lethal' weapons, rather than their official designation of 'less-lethal'. If you pull a gun and shoot someone and they die, you're not surprised. If you pull a taser and shoot someone and they die, then you are. This means that people are a lot more willing to shoot someone with a taser.
    • by epine ( 68316 )

      tasers produced far fewer deaths than firearms

      With firearms, death is the primary outcome.

      Next up, we'll be comparing thalidomide with Mengele harvesting tiny arms.

      • With firearms, death is the primary outcome.

        Perhaps more than that, death is the only desired outcome. Nobody pulls out a firearm to simply immobilize someone. Well if you're dead then you're immobilized, I suppose...

        • by BlueStrat ( 756137 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @06:04PM (#55090947)

          With firearms, death is the primary outcome.

          Perhaps more than that, death is the only desired outcome. Nobody pulls out a firearm to simply immobilize someone. Well if you're dead then you're immobilized, I suppose...

          One of the major problems with law enforcement use of TASER technology out in the real world is that it's often misused as a compliance-by-pain-weapon of control/punishment, rather than a defensive immobilization tool of next-to-last resort short of a firearm. This certainly does nothing to improve the public's perceptions of or trust in law enforcement in general.

          Strat

        • Perhaps more than that, death is the only desired outcome. Nobody pulls out a firearm to simply immobilize someone.

          Actually, that's EXACTLY why a police officer uses a firearm.....to stop someone from doing whatever it is they are doing. People are shot all the time who do not immediately die and still manage to kill/injure someone. This is why police officers are trained to shoot until the threat is down. Death is a side-effect. It's not like the movies. I suggest you read up/take a course on self-defense shooting and learn something.

          • How important is it to stop someone doing what they're doing? If the someone is being dangerous to people around, sure, tase them. Otherwise, there's almost certainly other ways to handle the situation.

        • Sure they do. Why just a few weeks ago on the subway a friendly off duty NYPD detective pulled out his gun on a homeless guy who had been berating him for breaking up subway dancers, then instead of shooting the guy, held the gun by the barrel and repeatedly bashed him in the head with it. While I didn't appreciate that the barrel was 2' away and pointed directly at me, I'm sure the other guy definitely appreciated this new form of non-lethal gun use by the police.
      • by dgatwood ( 11270 )

        With firearms, death is the primary outcome.

        Well, yes, but on the other hand, police officers know that death is the primary outcome, and thus are more likely to show restraint when using a firearm, which probably partially cancels out the difference.

    • by meerling ( 1487879 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:53PM (#55090529)
      Also, the availability of tasers has decreased police de-escalating situations and they quickly go to the I don't give a shit just fucking tase them approach.
      Not a good thing.
      They also like to use the, but it's non-lethal excuse.
      Any kind of assault by police should be a last resort instead their current go to attitude.
    • by arth1 ( 260657 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @04:19PM (#55090615) Homepage Journal

      In other news, in the hands of Law Enforcement, tasers produced far fewer deaths than firearms!

      This would be useful information if accompanied by studies showing tasers being used instead of firearms. Unfortunately, police gun use does not see a decline - even despite crime rates having gone down, so tasers appear to be used in addition, making police more deadly than ever.

    • by sjames ( 1099 )

      There are confounding factors though. If police are more willing to use tasers than firearms, the actual death count could exceed firearm deaths even if the per incident odds are smaller.

    • I feel a case can also be made that, since police have "less than lethal" options available, they are more likely to employ force instead of deescalation and discussion.

      The options have gone from "talk them down vs. kill them" to "talk them down, kill them or just hurt them really bad in a way I won't get in trouble for."

      I feel it's a significant part of why police violence is such a problem.
      =Smidge=

      • Comment removed based on user account deletion
      • by dmatos ( 232892 )

        It's important to note that Tasers were _never_ advertised as "less than lethal" weapons. They are "less lethat" weapons. The implication is that they are still just a little bit lethal.

        In my opinion, because they are still a lethal weapon, cops should have to fill out the same reports and have the same reviews as when they use their firearms. Here in Ontario. a cop has to file a report if they draw their sidearm. Imagine what would happen to taser use if the same was true.

        I'll cheerfully support a cop

    • Odd argument . That seems to have been the rationale to sell them: less lethal than guns. IF you were going to use a gun , and you use a taser, it's less lethal.
      The reality is different. IF you had reasons to refrain from using guns, namely there was not enough justification for it, that restraint just went out the window. No restraint needed when using tasers. So all you get is tasers being used where the justification for guns didn't exist.With tasers you can be as trigger happy as you feel like.

    • In other news, in the hands of Law Enforcement, tasers produced far fewer deaths than firearms!

      On a more serious note, I am a little disturbed by the occasional video that comes out showing cops tasing someone over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over-and-over, and low and behold, it turns out not to be good for the person being tased.

      NO, you are wrong.

      Most police officers would not have and did not use their guns, because they knew the outcome would be fatal. The Taser, they were trained to believe, would just stun the targeted person, and with an immediate follow up, they could arrest/handcuff the stunned victim. However, some victims suffered from the electric shock, and some police officers lost control from anger or excitementn and triggered multiple taser shocks, that caused a death.

  • Abuse of force. (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Gravis Zero ( 934156 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:18PM (#55090395)

    Using a taser on someone who is unarmed? Is that really necessary? I'm certain there are some instances where it's a legitimate option but I feel like it's far more likely that tasers are considered by police to be non-lethal weapons when in fact they are merely less-lethal weapons. The "don't tase me, bro" incident is a perfect example of this abuse of force.

    • Using a taser on someone who is unarmed? Is that really necessary?

      Apparently talking and patience are too much to expect of police officers. I find it hard to believe that many people are initiating physical assaults on cops, it seems like these are cases where a cop decides that just talking things out isn't cutting it, and they need to cuff the drunken frat boy staggering around at 2 am RIGHT NOW.
      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        by gfxguy ( 98788 )
        Yes, it's obvious you don't get it. Someone doesn't need a weapon to be violent, in a fit of rage, and non-compliant with the officer. I suppose you would just let them go, or resort to putting yourself in harms way to subdue such a person? Or do you really think someone high on something and in a fit of rage can be reasoned with?
        • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

          by BlueStrat ( 756137 )

          I suppose you would just let them go, or resort to putting yourself in harms way to subdue such a person?

          Yes.

          If officers put their own safety over that of the public they're sworn to protect and serve such that they will not put themselves in harm's way to avoid taking a possibly-innocent life, then I want them gone last week. Full stop.

          Strat

        • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

          by Anonymous Coward

          Do you know of any case where a taser have been used instead of the officer reaching for his gun in a case like that?

          Seems like tasers are mainly used where the situation could have been dealt with verbally.

          • by gfxguy ( 98788 )
            Well, I'm not going to alt-right like the AC did, but it indeed does feel like that because of the media. You probably hear about only 1 or 2% of the cases where a taser is used, and it's those extreme cases where the officer might have been able to better deal with the situation. I've lived in high crime areas; thug idiots are not very compliant with police requests.
        • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

          by Anonymous Coward

          Yes, it's obvious you don't get it. Someone doesn't need a weapon to be violent, in a fit of rage, and non-compliant with the officer. I suppose you would just let them go, or resort to putting yourself in harms way to subdue such a person? Or do you really think someone high on something and in a fit of rage can be reasoned with?

          Non compliance is not the same as violence.

          Police officers are using tasers on people who are not complying with their instructions, instead of using tasers on people who are dangerously violent. That is a problem.

          • Here in Oz the NSW police tazered a Brazillian after he was handcuffed. He died, the family made a fuss and unlike the US the coppers did get into a little bit of trouble.

            Don't they carry a big stick any mroe?

            • by gfxguy ( 98788 )
              So they should beat people instead? And for the record, if the cop WAS provably wrong, they do get in trouble.
              • In far too many cases, they are on paid administrative leave (i.e., paid vacation) until their buddies can find a way to exonerate them.

                • by gfxguy ( 98788 )
                  And what does far too many mean? How many out of how many cases? The problem is you seldom actually hear the resolution, you only hear the officer was placed on administrative leave "pending an investigation," and then the media doesn't bother with the conclusion because it doesn't sell. So I'm not saying you are wrong, I'm asking what numbers you are using to conclude "far too many," and from where are you getting them?
          • by gfxguy ( 98788 )

            Yes, it's obvious you don't get it. Someone doesn't need a weapon to be violent, in a fit of rage, and non-compliant with the officer. I suppose you would just let them go, or resort to putting yourself in harms way to subdue such a person? Or do you really think someone high on something and in a fit of rage can be reasoned with?

            Non compliance is not the same as violence.

            Police officers are using tasers on people who are not complying with their instructions, instead of using tasers on people who are dangerously violent. That is a problem.

            A little highlighting, in case you missed it. And your thought on the matter makes no sense to me... you are saying they use tasers on people simply being non-compliant (which can mean many things - we're not talking about "show me id," we're talking about "face down on the ground with hands behind your head" because someone has already shown they are not cooperative). But then you say "instead of using tasers on people who are dangerously violent." Which is absurd - it's quite obviously both, and you'd

    • Using a taser on someone who is unarmed? Is that really necessary? I'm certain there are some instances where it's a legitimate option but I feel like it's far more likely that tasers are considered by police to be non-lethal weapons when in fact they are merely less-lethal weapons. The "don't tase me, bro" incident is a perfect example of this abuse of force.

      The problem with tasers is they aren't reliable enough to be a useful means of protection. When a situation arises where you really need to stop someone you use a gun.

      So cops use tasers for the one thing they are good for, compliance. Sometimes this can save lives, ie a crazy person with a knife that you can't talk down and would have been shot when they inevitably changed. But more often they're used to subdue uncooperative subjects.

      It's understandable why cops like them, they make the very unpleasant job

    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      Next time you can try to subdue the 230lb gorilla high out of his gourd on Meth then... Let me know how that works out for you. When tasers don't work, you get this: http://www.nydailynews.com/new... [nydailynews.com]

      Tasers are also more often used by female officers. Should we ban female officers because they don't have the physical strength to subdue 50% of the male population? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p... [nih.gov]

      • Re:Abuse of force. (Score:5, Informative)

        by Gravis Zero ( 934156 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @04:36PM (#55090685)

        Next time you can try to subdue the 230lb gorilla high out of his gourd on Meth then... Let me know how that works out for you.

        Did you fail the literacy test? I wrote, "I'm certain there are some instances where it's a legitimate option". How did you not see that?

        • by kwalker ( 1383 )

          You didn't lead with that sentence, and his reactionary knee-jerking didn't read more than the first one before he was bouncing on the Reply button and firing off his vitriol.

        • Being "certain that there are some instances where it's a legitimate option" Implies that most instances are not, and that is fallacious and derogatory towards police.

          Is every single tasing incident legitimate? No.
          Are the vast majority of tasing incidence legitimate? Yes they are.
          Do police know what it feels like to be tased? Yes, a lot of them do when they get the training.
          What percentage of people die as a direct result of being tased? The number is extremely small, but your odds of death go up if you

          • Are the vast majority of tasing incidence legitimate? Yes they are.

            How do you know this to be true? Do you have statistics to back up this claim?

            The number is extremely small, but your odds of death go up if you are ODing on meth or other stimulants, or have other underlying health issues.

            How do you know this to be true? Do you have statistics to back up this claim?

            Tasers are not perfect, but they are a less lethal way to stop criminals who are resisting or fleeing.

            Why do you need to tase someone that is resisting arrest? Why not give chase? Did police really just shoot everybody before there was the taser?

            Your original post and this reply is exactly the smarmy, liberal bias that I was reacting to.

            No, it was clearly your inability to read once you became outraged.

            I hope the police take 30 minutes to arrive at your house when the career felon released early from prison by Obama is invading your home,

            Home invasion is really to just to steal valuable items and done while people are either sleeping or not there. If caught in the act, they a

      • Re:Abuse of force. (Score:5, Insightful)

        by drinkypoo ( 153816 ) <drink@hyperlogos.org> on Saturday August 26, 2017 @09:39PM (#55091519) Homepage Journal

        "Should we ban female officers because they don't have the physical strength to subdue 50% of the male population?" No, but we shouldn't permit a woman incapable of doing the job because she is weak any more than we should permit a man who cannot do the job because he is fat.

        • Then you have just disqualified nearly all women from serving in the police force. If you expect women to wrestle male suspects to the ground, almost no females can do it. The strongest women in the world, the Olympic competitors are only about as strong as an athletic high school senior male or about the top 20% of the male population.

      • Next time you can try to subdue the 230lb gorilla high out of his gourd on Meth then...

        You get better luck with a banana... oh wait he was holding one.

    • Using a taser on someone who is unarmed? Is that really necessary?

      If someone is charging you, yes. If they're attacking another person or officer, yes. There are situations where an unarmed person can cause serious injury, if not death, to someone.

      Or would you prefer the police stand by and talk in a quiet, soothing voice while the criminal pummels them or someone else?

      • There are situations where an unarmed person can cause serious injury, if not death, to someone.

        Did you fail the literacy test? I wrote, "I'm certain there are some instances where it's a legitimate option". How did you not see that?

      • Re:Abuse of force. (Score:5, Informative)

        by HiThere ( 15173 ) <[ten.knilhtrae] [ta] [nsxihselrahc]> on Sunday August 27, 2017 @12:57AM (#55091957)

        There was a case in (I believe it was) West Virginia where an officer was talking someone out of being a problem, and appearantly being successful. Some other officers showed up and shot the now quiet "perpetrator". They were praised. The officer who talked the guy down was .... here I can't quite believe my memory. So I looked it up. http://ktla.com/2017/05/12/law... [ktla.com]

        Well, this doesn't directly address the use of tasers, but it addresses how justified I assume the use of force often is. I know that good people join the police force, but it often seems that either they don't stay around, or they get corrupted.

        FWIW, insurance claims don't substantiate the claim the being a policeman is unreasonably dangerous compared to other professions. It *is* dangerous compared to being a computer programmer, but not compared to being a forester or, I believe, an electric company lineman. (I'd really need to check the list of more dangerous professions again to be certain, but policeman wasn't in the top 10.)

    • Using a taser on someone who is unarmed? Is that really necessary?

      Why not? I mean it's a completely safe weapon to subdue someone. Just because they are unarmed doesn't mean you should meet them on equal footing. What happens if they are good fighters! /police industrial complex thinking

    • Police don't consider Tasers to be weapons at all; they're compliance tools.
  • Who doesn't love Pain compliance [wikipedia.org]?

  • Maybe with info collected by body cameras, we can get an idea of what percentage of overall taser use is outside the manufacturers guidelines. Then they can advertise something like "even when used inappropriately, our product doesn't kill the people it's used on 97% of the time."
    • by mark-t ( 151149 )

      Which is false, because tasers are much more lethal than that.

      Even the very low current of a taser, perhaps no more than 3 or 4 milliamps, can induce fibrillation if enough current from the taser reaches the heart (even just a few microamps is sufficient,). The effects of this are not always immediately self-evident, but if a person who has been tazed is then immediately taken to a hospital to ensure that no heart damage has occurred, only then do the chances of a fatality really drop significantly.

      Th

  • "The 1,005 deaths identified by Reuters total 44 percent more than the 700 reported by Amnesty International at the end of 2016"
  • But amid a lack of official data about their use and effects, a new report by Reuters found 1,005 incidents in the U.S. in which people died after police stunned them with the electrical weapons, most since the early 2000s.

    The summary mentions Axon and their product, but then the above statement uses the generic term "electrical weapons." The actual article from Reuters is not any more clear, as it too mixes the generic term "stun gun" and Taser in a way that makes it difficult to tell when they refer specifically to the brand-name product and when they refer to the entire class of product regardless of brand.

    Are the 1,005 reported deaths the result of all documented electrical weapon deployments, or just

  • Bad Policing (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:38PM (#55090475)

    What this report is essentially saying is that police forces are comprised of poorly trained officers.

    But it should have been obvious already that there is a problem. There have been plenty of incidents where police killed someone unnecessarily. Enough incidents to strongly suggest there is a real problem with police themselves.

    While Americans in general have a total disdain towards the lives of their fellow human beings, police should be held to a higher moral standard.

  • by rsilvergun ( 571051 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:41PM (#55090487)
    I'm a bit concerned about tasers. On the plus side I'm, well, let's just say I'm of a certain ancestry that seldom has to worry about tasers. But I'm guessing if you ran that much electricity through me I wouldn't be getting back up again.
  • by SlaveToTheGrind ( 546262 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:47PM (#55090509)

    After a splashy headline implying a "mounting toll" of death by taser, they strangely enough don't bother to break out the statistics where the taser was actually ruled the cause of death:

    In 153 of those cases, or more than a fifth, the Taser was cited as a cause or contributing factor in the death, typically as one of several elements triggering the fatality.

    I think we can safely predict the article would have separated out and trumpeted the actual numbers of deaths where the taser was actually ruled the cause had there been very many -- or maybe even any.

    • Okay, so, of 1005 deaths following tasing, only 153 are even partly attributed to the taser? That statistic doesn't pass the smell test. Something is almost certainly wrong with the presented figures.

      • Something is almost certainly wrong with the presented figures.

        Only if you presume the answer to the very question at hand. I don't know why those figures would be surprising at all when you consider the fact that a significant percentage (in one study, nearly half [connecticutmag.com]) of tased people were strung out on drugs.

        • Most people strung out on drugs don't die immediately afterwards. Now, suppose that half of that 1005 were strung out on lethal drugs; that leaves 502 deaths after tasing with less than a third attributed, even in part, to the tasing. That is still extremely suspicious.

          • But the drug users aren't half of the 1005 that died -- they're half of the much larger population that was tased. The 1005 fatalities are almost certainly sub-1% of the total tased population (in the study I linked, 2 people out of 610 died, or 0.3% -- I can't find in the Reuters article the total number of tasings from which they gleaned the 1005, which probably means it was in a similarly low range and thus not helpful to their narrative).

            So think of it more like 300,000 total tasings, out of which abou

  • by Lucidus ( 681639 ) on Saturday August 26, 2017 @03:48PM (#55090513)
    It's important to point out that the company has aggressively challenged any medical examiner who determines that a Taser killed someone or contributed to their death, in many cases suing to have the official cause of death changed. Therefore I am skeptical of the 153 figure.
  • Alternatively, being subdued by 30 rounds of 9mm leads to a 99.999% fatality rate. I would say the Taser is an improvement.

    • Alternatively, being subdued by 30 rounds of 9mm leads to a 99.999% fatality rate. I would say the Taser is an improvement.

      What kind of improvement? The problem is that the rest of the world treats 9mm bullets a bit different to the USA. If a police officer discharges a firearm in most of the west, even for a warning shot it:
      a) makes the news
      b) gets heavily investigated
      c) causes the officer to get punished if the warning shot was not justified.

      On the flip side tasers are sold to police forces as a "safe" compliance tool so they have no problem doing things like tasing 10 year old girls, because just tasing someone is easier tha

    • Comment removed based on user account deletion
      • Police have a duty assigned to them by society as a whole, to stop dangerous criminals. When they interact with the public in a law enforcement capacity, they do not know John Q. Public or if he has just murdered someone, so they are inherently cautious and suspicious. If you are actively resisting police, they will verbally warn you and then they will start using escalation of force to make you comply. If you are unarmed but reaching into a concealed area and ignoring verbal warnings, you will be tased

  • I am absolutely stunned that a story like this exists. Officers conducting their duties should show some resistance to the current trend of this alternate form of force. Stories like these electrify the nation and enlighten us to serve as an outlet for moral outrage!
  • Used for torture (Score:4, Informative)

    by rossz ( 67331 ) <ogreNO@SPAMgeekbiker.net> on Saturday August 26, 2017 @07:35PM (#55091221) Journal

    Tasers should only be used as an alternative to using a gun. That means if the cop did not have justification to kill the person, he did not have justification to use a taser. Every time a cop uses a taser, the same review process for using a firearm should happen. Unfortunately, that isn't happening. Cops use tasers to torture people into compliance, often as a way to force people to follow unlawful orders. Reviews seldom happen unless someone dies. And even then, it's the standard rubber stamping "we investigated ourselves and found we did nothing wrong," bullshit. Lots of police departments have dropped tasers because they were paying out so much money for lawsuits because of too many cops abusing their authority.

    This isn't a taser problem. It's a blue line problem. Every cop who witnesses another cop breaking the law and does not report it is guilty of being an accessory. In every instance where a bad cop finally gets charged, the ten cops who witnessed the act and didn't report it should be charged as well.

    The first damn step to a fix is to take away immunity. Why is a city (thus the taxpayers) paying out millions in lawsuits when the cop clearly violated the law and written procedures? If the city tries to cover it up, yes, they should pay part. But if the city does a proper investigation then disavows a bad cop, the taxpayers should not be on the hook. Take the criminal cop's pension.

    • by juancn ( 596002 )
      Tasers are considered torture devices under UN regulations and are illegal in many countries, even for law enforcement use.
  • by p51d007 ( 656414 ) on Sunday August 27, 2017 @03:22PM (#55094085)
    When a police officer says HAULT, or, STOP RESISTING...DO THAT and you won't get tased. Better to fight it out IN COURT, than have your head bashed in by multiple police officers, no matter how no guilty you think you are. It's called COMMON SENSE. But, today, everything thinks that you should get your own way, do your own thing, to hell with morals, respect and other values shot to hell thanks to the stupidity of the (un)education system in the USA.
    • by skovnymfe ( 1671822 ) on Monday August 28, 2017 @05:44AM (#55095987)

      If you're running from the police, but stop when they tell you to stop, you will get shot.

      If you're resisting the police, but stop when they tell you to stop, you will get shot.

      If you're using common sense against the police, but stop when they tell you to stop, you will get shot.

      The police in America doesn't exist to protect and serve the people, it's to protect the government against the people. It is literally an HR department with tasers and guns.

"The vast majority of successful major crimes against property are perpetrated by individuals abusing positions of trust." -- Lawrence Dalzell

Working...