Follow Slashdot stories on Twitter

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
EU Government The Almighty Buck

Finland Prepares Their First Tests Of A Universal Basic Income (futurism.com) 630

Finland is getting ready to launch their first pilot program with a Universal Basic Income -- one of several countries which are now testing the concept. An anonymous reader quotes a report from Futurism.com: Finland is about to launch an experiment in which a randomly selected group of 2,000-3,000 citizens already on unemployment benefits will begin to receive a monthly basic income of 560 euros (approximately $600). That basic income will replace their existing benefits. The amount is the same as the current guaranteed minimum level of Finnish social security support. The pilot study, running for two years in 2017-2018, aims to assess whether basic income can help reduce poverty, social exclusion, and bureaucracy, while increasing the employment rate.
In January a basic income program will also begin testing in the Netherlands, according to the article, which points out that Y Combinator has also launched a test program in Oakland, California. And there's now also calls for a Universal Basic Income in India, where one social worker argues it's "sound social policy," while pointing out that it's already being implemented in other countries. "In Brazil, it targets the poor and has been a way out of poverty; in Iran, it has substituted for subsidies and citizens receive about $500 a year..."
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

Finland Prepares Their First Tests Of A Universal Basic Income

Comments Filter:
  • by habig ( 12787 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @04:45PM (#52826015) Homepage
    TFA says it's the same amount of income as the "social security" there in Finland it's replacing (guessing that maps onto some combination of welfare/unemployment/EIC here in the US). But, TFA doesn't say how UBI is different, other than the name. Any insights?
    • by Fwipp ( 1473271 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @04:49PM (#52826033)

      As a guess, it's probably not means-tested. If they get a job, they keep getting the UBI money.

      • by epine ( 68316 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @07:17PM (#52826621)

        As a guess, it's probably not means-tested. If they get a job, they keep getting the UBI money.

        The best feature of UBI is not making it conditional and then eliminating minimum wage. Maybe a person wants just an extra $2/hour over their UBI, they can do that, no problem.

        However, with just a select group on UBI, having no minimum wage allows the UBI group to undercut the non-UBI group (who certainly won't be willing to work for $2/hour), so phasing this program in in an ethical way is non-trivial.

    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday September 04, 2016 @06:13PM (#52826379)

      The key is in the word "universal". These are just trials, but the idea is you to pay every man woman and child no matter their wealth or employment status. Considering very little of current welfare budgets actually reach the people who need it - ironically enough it's all wasted on a massive bureaucracy designed to keep people from accessing welfare - many economists believe it could reduce government expenditure while boosting the economy.

      We are also looking at a world where automation replaces more and more jobs. If we don't come up with something soon angry mobs will run riot and capitalists are going to be swinging by their necks. Of course, instead of addressing inequality we could always start to militarise the police and reduce basic freedo... oh wait.

      • by bondsbw ( 888959 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @10:50PM (#52827373)

        angry mobs will run riot and capitalists are going to be swinging by their neck

        As a supporter of UBI, I find it to be very compatible with free market ideals. While it provides a social relief program, it also removes the minimum wage regulation that screws up the free market forces in unskilled labor markets. I prefer that when society wants a program, it uses societal programs (government and taxation) to provide the program; forcing employers of unskilled workers to carry that burden is unfair and counterproductive.

        Also... I would agree that crony capitalism is a bad thing, but please refrain from using such a broad brush. Free market capitalism, combined with social programs funded directly by the government and sensible regulations, is proven time and time again to bring about better societies.

        • As a supporter of UBI, I find it to be very compatible with free market ideals.

          I dont think he's saying it isn't. The difference between a liberal and a socialist, is that liberals believe the free market can address social inequality as long as some safeguards and a few tweaks to the formula are added. Socialists argue that there are contradictions in the capitalist system that make this impossible. At least this is the traditional meanings of the terms, americans seem to use liberal and socialist intercha

    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday September 04, 2016 @07:38PM (#52826699)

      In case of Finland, social security benefit requires a bunch of paperwork done every few months in-person at the social security bureau or w/e. Those are run by municipalities/cities, not the state, and are pretty inconsistent and hard to deal with. The paperwork includes receipts of all of your bank accounts to see you aren't receiving money from anywhere else. It also gets revoked immediately if you start receiving money from elsewhere, and collected back retroactively if you make enough in a year (same applies to unemployment benefits).

      Source: Am Finnish

  • Better Programs (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Jim Sadler ( 3430529 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @04:48PM (#52826025)
    It certainly would help to provide a basic income as long as people are free to work and earn extra money without loss of that basic income. There are a couple of difficulties as those that work in low paying jobs will resent people earning about what they earn without working. In the US there is a larger issue. We need the public to be able to spend money on more than just the bare basics of life. Businesses need buyers. The US now has way too many people who have to stretch every penny. That excludes them as buyers for numerous products and services. As employment becomes more and more an unusual thing due to technology replacing human labor, more and more people are excluded from the buyer pool. That means less employment and less taxes and more public expenses dealing with the displaced etc.. The one and only thing that can hope to work is to provide an income that not only covers all the basics but also leaves money left over to spend on things that are not basic needs. If we do not do this we will surely face a total economic collapse and a loss of our nation. It is also obvious that we will have to price control some items such as medical care and medications or no amount of income will help to bail us all out of the impending collapse.
    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      Baloney. Americans are spoiled rotten. We don't even know what being poor truly is. You need to travel a bit and see what poor really means.
      • Re:Better Programs (Score:5, Insightful)

        by dasunt ( 249686 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @09:38PM (#52827187)

        Baloney. Americans are spoiled rotten. We don't even know what being poor truly is. You need to travel a bit and see what poor really means.

        Each winter, we have several homeless freeze to death.

        You may want to shut up.

    • by Kjella ( 173770 )

      The one and only thing that can hope to work is to provide an income that not only covers all the basics but also leaves money left over to spend on things that are not basic needs. If we do not do this we will surely face a total economic collapse and a loss of our nation.

      Nothing is gained if you tax people who would have spent it anyways, then you're just redistributing and not helping the economy. To improve the economy you need to coerce those who accumulate money or take it abroad (rich people and corporations mostly) to use it in the local economy. Both of those are pretty skilled at avoiding taxes though, so for the most part you hit the middle class resulting in their purchasing power going down by the same amount the poor's goes up. UBI's main claim is to reduce over

      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        by Jzanu ( 668651 )
        Redistributing actually does help the economy. Not in the imaginary ways that derivatives trading does, to be sure, but instead in the practical transaction of goods and services for money sense. Every business needs customers, and customers make decisions on purchases first by availability of funds. For your understanding (or at least those with no empathy): No money means no jet ski, no mansion. For everyone else (and probably actually you too): No money means no transportation (meaning no job), no dinner
    • Agreed and that basic income in the US should not come from taxpayer funds, it should come from the federal reserve tap. Our entire economic system is based on inflation, people are so afraid of out of control inflation that most don't realize that inflation is the bedrock on which our system is built. With inflationary currency systems new money has to be injected to devalue existing currency and thereby force growth. Currently in the US we give all that money via the federal reserve to the wealthiest amon
    • Re:Better Programs (Score:4, Interesting)

      by Solandri ( 704621 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @05:48PM (#52826273)

      It certainly would help to provide a basic income as long as people are free to work and earn extra money without loss of that basic income. There are a couple of difficulties as those that work in low paying jobs will resent people earning about what they earn without working.

      That's only an issue if you use hard cutoffs like everyone seems to nowadays because they hated math in high school and don't want anything with a formula. e.g. We'll give you $500/mo in assistance, but the moment you make more than $1000/mo working, that assistance disappears. That creates a negative income gradient. At $0 wages, you're getting $500/mo. At $1000/mo wages, you're getting $1500/mo. At $1001/mo wages, you drop back down to $1001/mo. This discourages getting a better job or working more hours. The assistance either needs to be universal (everyone receives the same amount), or graduated (using a formula!) so it's slowly phased out as you earn more so the income gradient always remains positive.

      There's also the issue where assistance scales with certain things under the control of the recipient more than the expenses. e.g. If you have 2 kids and are on food stamps, adding a third kid raises your expenses only $y/mo, but the food stamps you receive increases more than $y/mo. Thus creating an incentive for poor folks who can't afford to raise more kids to have more kids as an easy way to receive more money. The assistance has to scale in a way which discourages adding expenses, not creating more expenses as a way to get more assistance.

      Finally there's the problem where the market tries to correct for the existence of a basic income (money for doing no work) by devaluing the basic income while simultaneously increasing the value of wages (money for doing work). The net effect is inflation - the value of the currency decreases (prices increase) while wages rise to keep pace. The $500/mo basic income decreases in value year-over-year (how quickly depends on the amount of the basic income - the closer it is to the average wage, the faster it devalues), while purchasing power from wages remains steady because of the wage inflation.

      If you try to correct for this by increasing the basic income each year, you just increase the rate of inflation. If you try to fix that by fixing prices, you break the economy since production costs are now no longer allowed to be reflected in prices. So the only way to get it to work is to either limit it to a subsection of the population (i.e. it's not universal), or to make it a small fraction of the average income (i.e. it can't be a living income). You might be able to get it to work by bypassing money entirely, and distributing the basic income directly as goods and services. i.e. No more EBT cards - you get your assistance not as a money-equivalent, but as food directly from the food bank. There will be some leakage as some people e.g. sell their weekly allotment of canned foods rather than consume it, but as long as that leakage is a small fraction of the total it shouldn't have a large effect on the general economy.

      • Re:Better Programs (Score:5, Interesting)

        by sjames ( 1099 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @08:50PM (#52826997) Homepage Journal

        Wages increasing to keep up with inflation? That sounds like a nice change of pace, let's do it!

        More seriously, there would likely be SOME inflation, but since the economy can't tell the difference between basic income money and wage money, it's not going to be the problem you expect. Just index the basic income to inflation and it'll find an equilibrium.

    • Re:Better Programs (Score:5, Interesting)

      by swb ( 14022 ) on Monday September 05, 2016 @08:10AM (#52828807)

      I think the best basic income schemes have a negative progressive income tax basis to them. You lose the basic income as your regular income increases and at some level of earned income you don't get any basic income.

      This provides a work incentive, since even the lowest form of work produces income gains over basic.

      I think low wage employers would end up really hating basic income because while they might not be forced to pay more, they would probably have to improve their working conditions and employee treatment. I think what discourages a lot of impoverished people from working isn't the nature of the work itself, it's the nature of the management combined with the low pay. Unrealistic labor goals, bad shifts, intrusive and arbitrary policies, and so on.

      There's a bunch of blue collar jobs I'd do, even for less money, but I just couldn't tolerate the way blue collar employees get treated. High school was less confrontational and paternalistic.

      I think there are serious obstacles to any kind of basic income scheme. For one, I think employers generally fear any world where unemployment isn't an existential threat for employees -- I think it radically reshapes the balance of power. Immigration is a real problem -- how do you contain a basic income system to the basic margins of your economy?

  • Two caveats (Score:5, Insightful)

    by John Allsup ( 987 ) <slashdot@chal i s q u e.net> on Sunday September 04, 2016 @04:59PM (#52826073) Homepage Journal

    There needs to be sufficient regulation to prevent free-marketeering from trying to milk the free money supply.

    More generally, it is necessary that the universal basic income is sufficient not to force those on it into defacto poverty.

    The two are related in the sense that, with an unregulated free market, if you pump money in but no more material resources, more money is chasing those same resources, pushing prices up.

    In general, though, removing the anxiety about putting a roof over your head and food on the table should be considered a necessity if you want to get the best out of your workforce in a modern technologically driven world: the more you brain has to worry about the basics, the less brain there is left to think about productive things.

    • Raising interest rates will combat inflation due to the greater abundance of money. Seeing as how crazy low interest rates have gotten as an effect of globalization (negative in some cases) that probably wouldn't be a terrible thing.
    • by Kjella ( 173770 )

      More generally, it is necessary that the universal basic income is sufficient not to force those on it into defacto poverty.

      The way national poverty is typically defined as those earning less than a percentage of the average (50 or 60%, usually) there will always be poverty. If you could have almost the same by not working as you could by working, what would you choose? It's supposed to be enough to cover the essentials so you won't freeze or starve but it's not going to be great. Since everyone else also gets UBI if you don't have any other income you'll be at the absolute bottom of the pool. That guy who works minimum wage at

  • by Qbertino ( 265505 ) <moiraNO@SPAMmodparlor.com> on Sunday September 04, 2016 @05:51PM (#52826287)

    Base income to increase employment rate? How is that supposed to happen?
    Robots are replacing humans left right and center at an ever increasing rate. [youtube.com]
    Base income is there to mitigate the effects of increased machine productivity and preventing a rare few from being the only ones reaping the benefits of increased productivity. That's what gouvernments should be seeking to do. But I guess shit will have to hit the fan before anything happens addressing that problem.

    Somebody didn't get "basic income". I hope they'll learn before it's too late.

    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday September 04, 2016 @11:58PM (#52827539)

      Base income to increase employment rate? How is that supposed to happen?

      (Caveats: I'm a Finn but my knowledge on this is based on hearsay, but in some cases from persons in the situation of being unemployed or on disability pension. But regardless of it maybe not being 100% accurate, this is how most people believe the situation works, and consequently act in accordance with those beliefs.)

      Because the Finnish current setup is that either you're 100% unemployed and get unemployment benefits, or you're not. As soon as you accept a job, regardless of its duration and the wages it'll bring you, you're no longer unemployed and no longer eligible for benefits. This means that if you accept a job that brings you less than your unemployment benefits, after taxes (which are very high in Finland) get factored in, you're financially screwing yourself over.

      There's lots of smalltime (and admittedly mostly menial) work that could be done in Finland, and we've got plenty of unemployed people that could do them, but most of them just won't bring in enough that you'd be better off by working than just collecting your unemployment benefits. Or in some cases the hourly rate might be decent enough, but the work is of a transitory and brief nature, or won't offer enough hours per month to be worthwhile. The "a few hours a week, during peak periods, if we really need you" jobs also don't combine well due to their "we'll call you and then you better be available" nature as you obviously can't be in more than one place, when needed, at once.

      Deciding to try to do something yourself (for instance, make small handmade souvenirs for tourists) means you become an "employer" (self-employing employer) in the eyes of the State, or at least an entrepreneur. Either way, you're no longer considered unemployed. There are other forms of support you can apply for and eventually get, I suppose, but in the meantime you're out of unemployment benefits, regardless of if you make enough to make a living or not.

      Bureaucracy Hell also makes sure that once you've taken a job, even if it's just for a week or two, you need to start over the unemployment registration process from scratch once the job ends. The process isn't effortless for the person applying for the benefits, and in any case takes several weeks (or months?) before you see any money.

      So yes, that's one of the benefits that we're hoping for: That people that currently have a financial incentive for not working, actually start working; even if the additional benefits that it'll bring aren't that significant, at least they won't be financially punished for working. It will also in some cases allow them to re-integrate into society as opposed to sitting alone at home wallowing in their own situation, and prevent them from becoming more and more unemployable due to being unemployed for longer and longer periods, while the world moves on around them.

    • by zmooc ( 33175 ) <zmooc@zmooc.DEGASnet minus painter> on Monday September 05, 2016 @04:16AM (#52828165) Homepage

      That's your explanation. In my world, basic income is a means of fairly distributing the fruits of our planet amongst its rightful shareholders, the people. While basic income comes in handy as a solution for unemployment resulting from increased automation, simply providing it because we cannot come up with a better solution would be stupid, unfair an unsustainable. We should not do that.

      I'd rather turn it around: as the productivity increases, the value of our planet increases and we can expect its rightful shareholders to receive more money. That's exactly the reason basic income is starting to become economically feasible in the first place. However, in order for it to work properly in the long run, it should to a large extent be funded from taxes that directly relate to the use of the planet itself, for example through Land Value Taxes, taxes on the profit of mining and fossil fuel production and taxes on the use of the atmosphere (by dumping crap in it). This approach is fair and sustainable and could actually lead us to the unlimited leisure time utopia we were promised, if needed supported by a bit of helicopter money.

  • not gonna happen (Score:4, Insightful)

    by ooloorie ( 4394035 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @05:56PM (#52826309)

    Two things people also need to keep in mind when talking about what "Finland" does. First, the US is already spending considerably more per capita than any other country on social welfare (as well as education and healthcare). So, the problem is that the programs we have don't yield results commensurate to what we spend. Second, the way European countries finance their social welfare states is through massively higher tax rates on the middle class, often nearly twice as high as in the US.

    So, a basic income to replace the current welfare and social safety net, and giving individuals to spend their government welfare as they see fit, would be great. But that's just not in the cards. Do you seriously think that a Congress that doesn't believe individuals are qualified to make decisions about mortgages, payday loans, health insurance coverage, or which school to attend is going to give welfare recipients a couple of thousand dollars per month and tell them to spend it as they see fit? And do you seriously believe that the millions of people who currently work on delivering and supervising welfare-related benefits are going to just quietly give up their jobs?

    • by frnic ( 98517 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @07:15PM (#52826609)

      And you left off one point about the "Massively higher taxes" - the people are happier there than here.

      • And you left off one point about the "Massively higher taxes" - the people are happier there than here.

        Take it from someone with first hand experience: they are not.

        • by Gussington ( 4512999 ) on Monday September 05, 2016 @12:55AM (#52827673)

          Take it from someone with first hand experience: they are not.

          So let me get you straight. Because you've lived in Europe we should accept that you speak for all Europeans (even the other Europeans who have a different opinion to you) and that they are all not happy because you said so? That's some fucking great powers of intellect going on there, yet for some strange reason the independent data [happyplanetindex.org] disagrees with you

          • Re:not gonna happen (Score:4, Informative)

            by ooloorie ( 4394035 ) on Monday September 05, 2016 @01:57AM (#52827803)

            So let me get you straight. Because you've lived in Europe we should accept that you speak for all Europeans

            Are you speaking in the royal "we"?

            And I didn't just "live" there, I grew up in Europe and spent half my life there. I'm sharing my observation as an emigrant from Europe.

            yet for some strange reason the independent data disagrees with you

            The HPI concocts a measure out of a poll about happiness, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes and ecological footprint and then calls that "happiness". The index is weighted to give progressively higher scores to nations with lower ecological footprints. Citing such an obviously politically motivated measure that has little to do with happiness as an objective measure of "happiness" means that you're either a gullible fool or are trying to manipulate people.

            You can't really measure happiness by asking people whether they are happy; the responses are highly culturally dependent. You can measure happiness indirectly through whether people are optimistic about their personal future, and where they choose to migrate to and from. On such measures, Americans generally score better than Europeans.

            • by Gussington ( 4512999 ) on Monday September 05, 2016 @07:53AM (#52828741)

              And I didn't just "live" there, I grew up in Europe and spent half my life there. I'm sharing my observation as an emigrant from Europe.

              That's nice. But you do realise there are 700 million odd other people also from Europe who might have a different opinion than you? Do you see the flaw in your thinking there? We get that you're an old grump, but maybe that's just you.

              The HPI concocts a measure out of a poll about happiness, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes and ecological footprint and then calls that "happiness". The index is weighted to give progressively...

              So instead we should just take your word for it? That's your counter argument?

  • by PPH ( 736903 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @07:13PM (#52826603)

    ... isn't universal. It's being given to people currently receiving some form of assistance and in place of that assistance. It's a worthwhile test, because it will show whether people can better budget a cash disbursement than live within the allocation rules of traditional aid plans.

  • Similar to today (Score:4, Interesting)

    by bugs2squash ( 1132591 ) on Sunday September 04, 2016 @08:14PM (#52826875)

    The US already accepts different tax brackets, this is just another tax bracket at the low end, one where you get negative tax rather than zero tax as the lowest rate. The only other difference is that the IRS sends the "refund" check in 12 installments rather than one.

    Only the poor or the mega rich would fall entirely into that bracket

  • by Chrisq ( 894406 ) on Monday September 05, 2016 @04:53AM (#52828253)

    I like the idea of a basic income, but I don't know how it can be made to work without the government controlling a lot of other things. If you give everyone $600 extra I would bet that things like rental costs, utilities, etc. would just expand to take the extra money. We have seen how this works with the extra income with women entering the workforce. As soon as you have limited resources or monopolies the prices will increase as everyone will be able to spend more.

    Unless you want to introduce rent controls, fair prices for utilities, etc. costs will just go up

To stay youthful, stay useful.

Working...