ElcomSoft Jury Denied Access to full DMCA Text 172
ryochiji writes "Wired Online is reporting in this article that the jury in the ElcomSoft trial requested access 'to the full copy of the DMCA to assist in their decision-making' but was declined. 'Instead, [Judge] Whyte said he would answer specific questions jurors had about portions of the law they must consider in determining ElcomSoft's guilt or innocence.' I don't know if this is common practice in the court of law, but it somehow doesn't sound right ..."
It isn't that uncommon... (Score:3, Insightful)
...it's generally done on the grounds that the law is so obtuse that the average juror wouldn't understand it...
Kind of makes you wonder why they don't simplify the law a little, don't it?
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:2)
its quite another to DENY the text of the law to ANY CITIZEN if s/he requests it.
I know, the law, in this case, is 100 pages long and I assume the judge is trying to save time since the jury probably won't be 'smart' enough to understand the text.
still, its very wrong to deny the text to them.
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:4, Insightful)
If the judge is elected, he needs to be recalled, if he's appointed he needs to be impeached.
May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:3, Insightful)
Go figure.
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:2)
jury nullifcation is one of the most important things I've ever learned about our (US) legal system. its a shame its down-played so much. it gives SOME balance of power back to the jury instead of it being a bunch of pawns, which is what many judges seem to want.
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:2)
what is it?
Jury Nullification (Score:2)
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:3, Informative)
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:2)
Didn't it also allow lynchings to go on in the South without fear of punishment?
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:5, Interesting)
I've been called for jury duty in both NY and IL. Interestingly, in NY, they played a tape that went over the Peter Zenger case and its importance (though they did not use the words jury nullification). Then again, in answering the judge's question I answered that yes, I would nullify if I felt it was called for. The judge and both attorney's pulled me aside, grilled me to abandon my position and when I wouldn't, the judge used his option to disqualify me from trial.
In Illinois, there was no mention of jury nullification or the Zenger case, the judge went temporarily off the record and stated to the jury that they were not to judge the law (it was the only time during the proceedings he went off record). I again answered the question that yes, I would nullify but this time was not disqualified (perhaps the judge did not notice, perhaps not, he was asking us in a group of 12 to simultaneously answer). I ended up being jury foreman and we unanimously acquited (though not on nullification grounds the law was fine, the guy just wasn't guilty).
Well, that's my own personal experience. I hope it corrects your impression that the law is not up to the jury to decide. It is and it always has been.
Re:May be to keep the jury on topic (Score:2)
The Jury's job is to evaluate the material presented to them. I've served jury duty, and we really wanted to know more about a certain piece of evidence. it probably would have made one side or the other's case. however, that data was not presented, therefore it was "out of bounds". or in other words, if it isn't spoken or presented, and isn't within our reasonable background of knowledge as jurors, then we are not allowed to consider it.
now, had elcommsoft's defense presented the text of the law, it may have been readable by the jury. (but the judge can deny it. which is a whole other matter)
And the average educated person? (Score:4, Insightful)
So if a jury can't understand it enough to render a decision... how is the average person supposed to be able to understand it enough to avoid infringing it?
Re:And the average educated person? (Score:2)
One must go through court to have it stricken, but if you got a judge with a brain... seems to me in a case where the jury couldn't even grasp the law, it's a bit too ambiguous and unclear for the normal person and should be trashed. Guess it doesn't work that way elsewhere though.
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:3, Insightful)
Exmaple 1) You can't have sex for money.
Example 2) A person who knowingly or intentionally:
(1) performs, or offers or agrees to perform, sexual intercourse or deviate sexual conduct; or
(2) fondles, or offers or agrees to fondle, the genitals of another person;
for money or other property commits prostitution, a Class A misdemeanor. However, the offense is a Class D felony if the person has two (2) prior convictions under this section.
If you were arrested for the "can't have sex for money" law, and it wasn't spelled out like it is in example #2 (the indiana state prostitution law), any lawyer could get you off the hook. My client didn't have sex, just played with her stuff. My client never actually had sex with the prositiute, the cops broke it up before they could. My client didn't pay the hooker, only gave her a crack rock. My client etc...
If you take the time to read the laws, they really aren't all that confusing.
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:2)
And in all seriousness, where is "deviate sexual conduct" defined?
Again, in all seriousness, a sitting US President (and at that time, a member of the bar) claimed oral sex wasn't sex.
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:2)
The law has no problems with a substance being simultaneously "Generally Regarded As Safe" and "Known Human Carcinogen".
According to the definitions that the court provided, William Clinton did not have sex with Monica Lewinski. He touched her mouth, which was not how the court defined "sexual intercourse". On the other hand, she did have sex with him.
Re:It isn't that uncommon... (Score:2)
that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:5, Informative)
in fact, its the SOLE job of the jury to do that. the judge has NO RIGHT to judge the law. that's what the jury is for! in cases where the law is too harsh or should not be applied, the jury has the constitutional right to OVERRIDE ANY LAW IT WISHES on a case by case basis.
of course any juror who lets on that he KNOWS this will not pass voire dire. catch 22. sigh
fija.org is well worth the read. its scary to see which states are fija-friendly and which are not (most are not).
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:3, Insightful)
IAAL FWIW.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:3, Insightful)
according to fija, US juries have the right to judge unjust laws. not just FOLLOW the law blindly but actually OVERRIDE laws.
IANAL but it seems clear what fija is saying. are you of the view that fija is all wrong? or my understanding of fija is wrong? (fija is not a 'law' but a website that comments on some aspects of the law, from a jury-rights perspective).
what they say on their website sure sounds right to me (not that that means anything, legally). the checks and balances were put in to protect against unjust laws or cases where a specific instance of a 'crime' is deemed ok, given the circumstances. or, simply just to keep the government in check. the jury is the last stop for The People to have their say. it just makes sense that they'd have the ability to judge laws and not just blindly apply them.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:3, Informative)
So they want to "restore the traditional trial by jury" and to prevent "further incursions." In other words, they're activists and would like to promote legislation -- they even have a guide on how to organize your own local reform effort.
As for whether they're right on the substance, I'll keep my mouth shut. I am after all a member of the conspiracy to deprive juries of their powers.
Also, we already grant juries much more power than many countries, including the British from whom we adopted the system; the jury is a very significant element in the judicial system. I should be careful to point out that the jury right belongs to the defendant, not the jury per se. So more jury power against the state really means more protection to the defendant. A defendant can also choose to waive trial by jury.
Last, believe me that the constitutionality of laws in taken very seriously by the judiciary. Although the courts are or course not perfect, they are independent and do not act as rubber stamps for the legislature. Again in the UK, courts generally can't question the propriety of a law at all -- there is no so-called judicial review IIRC.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:4, Interesting)
If not, then jury nullification is as much the law of the land as any other judicial decision.
FIJA is something like the defense of marriage act. Nobody is claiming that marriage is anything other than between a man and a woman under current law yet the Congress passed such a law.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
I don't know the holdings in Dougherty and Moylan -- but note that neither is a Supreme Court decision (F.2d is wrong reporter). I need access to the full original text to give an opinion. Moylan is 4th Cir. and apparently held that juries do have the power to nullify but because it is unlawful the defense attorney is prohibited from the jury to nullify. Logical.
Before you cite Sparf, 156 U.S. 51, 101-02 (1895), which the numerous pro-nullification sites bizarrely rely upon:
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:3, Funny)
I just checked with the judge. He said you can't have access to the full text :-)
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
But I'm a lawyer not a juror, damn it! If I were a juror I would meeky eat my jury instructions kibble. Although I could "cheat" unless sequestered, I wouldn't.
I've never served on a jury, and now anticipate it with a sort of mute horror. With luck, it will be a nice boring case with nice boring jurors. Without luck...
Stay tuned, literally, PBS's Frontline may tape jury deliberations in a TX capital case, if it is approved. I don't think it will be approved, but it would be interesting.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Yike! It would be cool to watch, but I sure hope they wouldn't record it in the first place without unanimous consent from the jurors.
Hmmm, now that I think about it, it should require consent from the defendant too. I can't think of any reason it would need consent from the prosecution, but there may be something I didn't think of.
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Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Guess who opposes it? The prosecutor. [current.org]
Texas is #1 in U.S. executions [pbs.org] and so is of particular interest for a capital trial. The show is the kind of thing I'd like to see, and Frontline is pretty level-headed, but not if it were possibly damaging to a life/death decision. So I'd like to see it but don't think they should do it.
Oral arguments are scheduled for Jan 15 [findlaw.com].
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Very interesting.
From the article it is unclear if they are considering asking potential jurors first and then only selecting those who are willing. That doesn't sound good to me. They should only go ahead with it if it does not affect the regular process, and that would affect it.
FWIW, it seems to me the way it might be OK to go ahead with it would be to select the jury first and ask if they consent second.
I would give the defendant, jurors, and judge unquestioned veto power. Run the case exactly as normal, and if any of them says "No thanx" then don't set up the cameras.
It might also be a good idea to give them all veto power in the middle of the process to stop the cameras after the recording has started. That could simply halt the recording, or it could be retroactive and cause the tapes to be destroyed unviewed.
Again, I can't really see a good reason for the prosecution to have veto power. If the prosecution has a legitimate objection he ask the judge to use his veto.
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Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
I just re-read your statement and I'm sorry, but I find that totally unacceptable and others should too.
I know you are the lawyer and I'm not, but can you back up your statement? I'd find it very interesting if you could. where in the body of US laws does it specifically state that the jury CANNOT interpret and judge the laws if they so choose to?
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
I know you are the lawyer and I'm not, but can you back up your statement? I'd find it very interesting if you could. where in the body of US laws does it specifically state that the jury CANNOT interpret and judge the laws if they so choose to?
The jury can go right ahead and do just about whatever they want to. But it's the judge who issues court orders, including the ones that let the sitting jury leave... and AFAIK, judges can and do declare mistrials when juries decide that they're suddenly a direct democracy with the full rule of law in front of them.
The purpose of the jury is to have common citizens, who have no stake in the outcome of a case in any manner whatsoever, be the ones deciding facts. Once those facts are done, it's the judiciary's job to interpret how the law applies to the facts.
Sure, there's a whole bunch of overlap, but this is the basic distinction.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
this is a Good Thing(tm). we all knows that there are many laws that don't make sense in the modern world. its illegal to have oral sex in many states of the US (yes, that's still on the books AFAIK). but you want our legal system to uphold each and every law, even the stooopid ones?
we are not robots. we are humans. well, most of us are. using intelligence to pick and choose which pork to follow and which to ignore is what makes humans better than mere pigs.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
I think you can find what you need in the rules of criminal procedure [cornell.edu]. The Cornell (where I went to school) site has ample links to the landmark cases and other materials.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
I do know what the law is here, but not whether it should be something different, and I don't advocate the ideal system. Jury nullification is a clear example of a double-edged sword that works both for good and bad. There is no way to extinguish it fully, and it must be treated with the utmost suspicion.
Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
And as far as I can tell FIJA never makes that claim.
They say that the jury has absolute and final authority to deny conviction in a single case against a single defendant. That is not invalidating the law, that is declining to punish an individual.
Nullifacation can only "invalidate" a law if EVERY jury unanimously refuses to convict. And if that happens there's either a major problem with the law or a major problem with the judicial process.
I think it is one of the best examples of checks and balances you'll find. Their power is INSANELY narrow, but what power they do have is total and final (if all 12 jurors agree). If the rest of the judicial system works properly then juror power is exceedingly unlikely to cause any harm, and the possible harm is very limited.
As for weather the jury has a "right" to nullifacation, FIJA addresses that beautifully. The point is moot. The courts recognize that juries have the POWER to do so. That once done it cannot be challenged. And that juries cannot be punished for doing so.
You can do it and it's not a crime. Sounds like a right to me, but I won't bother arguing if you'd rather call it a power.
So it seems to me that it is perfectly legal, unless you pass a law against it. And you should think VERY CAREFULLY about that - a law making it a crime to vote not guilty. I find that to be one hell of a scary idea. I hope it scares you too.
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Re:that is unconstitutional (see FIJA.org) (Score:2)
FIJA is very misinformed and misinforming. The "power" argument is like saying I have the "power" to steal bread with my invisibility cloak. OK, true as a matter of fact not law, because no one can catch me. Is the point that stealing is not my right then "moot"?
If even mentioning this supposed power during voir dire or during deliberations gets to booted off the jury, what kind of power is that? In truth, nullification is an abuse that it would be more damaging to root out that to try to discourage. Not much of an endorsement.
Do read through the other stuff I dug up and posted, particularly the 2nd Circuit decision I blockquoted. These other sources are probably more lucid than I.
Jurrors need access to primary information (Score:5, Insightful)
It is obvious that, in order to do so, they should have access to the law, and legal experts who can interpret it for them.
Denying them access to the full text of the law prevents them from adequately doing their job. Jurrors should not have to trust that what the judge says is true -- judges can, and do, have bias, and will instruct juries so as to influence the outcome.
If the jury isn't allowed access to the full text of the law, the only justification can be that the law is too poorly written for them to understand, in which case the law should be struck down by a higher court. Giving them access to the text of the law (and highlighting relevant portions, so they don't focus on irrelevant one's, such as the portions of the DMCA dealing with VCR's) aids in their ability to decide whether or not Elcomsoft violated the DMCA. They will still not be deciding whether or not the law is okay, because that's not what they've been instructed to do.
It is entirely inappropriate and wrong that they be denied the full text of the DMCA.
Btw, this article was completely wrong. The DMCA is most certainly not 100 pages long. Its entire text, in PDF format, is exactly 59 pages long. The court could provide copies of it with relevant portions highlighted, as well as a written guide to the law. The simple fact that the law is so long and obtuse is obviously one strike against it, but never-the-less.
It is, of course, absurd to ask the jury to make a decision about whether or not Elcomsoft violated the DMCA, when they only have access to secondary data regarding the DMCA. They need access to the primary document -- the DMCA itself. Asking them to decide whether the DMCA was violated based on secondary sources of information would be like me, a scientist, citing a review article for a pertinent fact instead of reading the primary research and citing that. It introduces an extra unnecessary step of error. Imagine me saying several sentences to you and then you relaying it to someone else: there will certainly be error.
Re:Jurrors need access to primary information (Score:2)
Minor quibble (Score:2)
Denying them access to the full text of the law prevents them from adequately doing their job. Jurrors should not have to trust that what the judge says is true -- judges can, and do, have bias, and will instruct juries so as to influence the outcome.
While I agree with your general point, I must point out the irony here. Jurors are expected to apply the law to the facts, yet we have somehow managed to build a system where at least the perception is that the law must be interpreted by some "special" class of citizens. Ordinary folk are not qualified.
If the law is too complicated for a citizen to understand, how can they possibly be expected to abide by it, let alone judge if others have?
I found the first quote on fija's page sufficient:
Thomas Jefferson, 1789
This is common, but lots of people don't like it.. (Score:4, Insightful)
""It becomes my duty as judge to instruct you concerning the law applicable to this case, and it is your duty as jurors to follow the law as I shall state it to you. You are to be governed solely by the evidence introduced in this trial, and the law as stated to you by me."
What gets into the "official" instructions (usually typed up and given to the foreman) only occurs after a big battle with both sides' lawyers. The jury doesn't see this battle. Lots of stuff is thrown out because of rules of evidence, among other things.
However, the judge also doesn't want jury nullification -- basically, a juror disagreeing with the law. This is legal, but they will never tell you about it.
Re:This is common, but lots of people don't like i (Score:2)
Could someone please explain what stops the defence or one of the witnesses from telling the jury about nullification. Is there some law of evidence that would prevent this.
On a more general note, are there any restrictions on what a defendant can say in court to defend himself. Obviously he can't lie, since that would be perjury and he can't make threats "My brother knows where you live etc etc" since that would be jury knobbling. But if everything he says can be demonstrated to be true then is he committing any crime by saying whatever he wants?
Does anyone know what the laws are in European courts in respect of this area?
Finaly, I have to say that if I was on a jury and the judge started saying that we couldn't have access to certain information or evidence then I would immediately conclude that he was conspiring with the state to secure the prosecution of an innocent defendent and almost certainly aquit. But then perhaps I am wierd.
Re:This is common, but lots of people don't like i (Score:2)
We're on the same side, but I think you went way too far with that assumption. It isn't exactly unusual for evidence of GUILT to be excluded. At least not in the US.
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Re:This is common, but lots of people don't like i (Score:2)
There was recently a case where the judge kicked a juror off a case (while the jury was in session and debating), because the juror was arguing for nullification. Seems that while it is illegal to "bug" or listen in to the jury (the US already tried this), there is now a law that judges can put into the instructions, that states when someone is trying to argue outside the law the rest of the juror have to turn them in! So this person was turned in, and kicked off.
Re:This is common, but lots of people don't like i (Score:2)
To put it another way. Most folks on Slashdot think that most legal systems are unfair and basically corrupt, but what about Joe Sixpack? If you succeeded in explaining this to him would he be appalled or just go "Gee man, seems fair enough to me!"?
BTW, I am fairly certain that the above could not happen in the UK courts. We have exceptionally strong laws about jury secrecy. No-one is allowed to talk about what was said in the jury room or make any attempt to find out, even years after the trial has ended
Jury nullification rights (Score:5, Insightful)
Jury nullification has been used for both good and bad. It was used to acquit "fugitive slaves" who had escaped their owners. More recently, it was used to erroneously acquit OJ Simpson. The important thing is that jury nullification is the last check on government power, which forces the government to obey its own constitution.
Despite this, the courts have (unconstitutionally) refused to inform juries of their nullification rights.
Quotes:
It is not only the juror's right, but his duty to find the verdict according to his own best understanding, judgement and conscience, though in direct opposition to the instruction of the court. --John Adams, 1771
I consider trial by jury as the only anchor yet imagined by man by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution. -- Thomas Jefferson, 1789
It will be of little avail to the people that the laws are made by men of their choice, if the laws are so voluminous that they cannot be read, or so incoherent that they cannot be understood; if they... undergo such incessant changes that no man who knows what the law is today can guess what it will be tomorrow. -- James Madison
Jury Rights and Jury Nullification [erowid.org]
Jury Nullification: Why you should know what it is [greenmac.com]
Re:Jury nullification rights (Score:2)
While your right on about jury nullification, the OJ case is not one that was a case of jury nullification. He wasn't acquitted because the jury disagreed with the law (you'd have a hard time finding people who think it is a bad law to punish someone for murdering people). He was acquitted because the police botched some evidence, which threw the rest of the evidence into question, and Mark Furman fabricated and falsified his testimoney and evidence, further throwing the entire investigation into question. He didn't get off because the jury didn;t like the law, but because the police botched the case something horrible.
Apparently... (Score:5, Funny)
Simple, really.
Instant Metamoderation (Score:5, Funny)
Public documents? (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:Public documents? (Score:3, Informative)
Re:Public documents? (Score:3, Insightful)
Fortunately, the contents of the DMCA is a question of law, not of fact.
New slashdot motto (Score:3, Interesting)
The judge isn't refusing the jury's request because he's a pawn of the trilateral commission that's trying to brainwash the world. He's just trying to keep the jury's deliberations short, on point, and nonreversable. If the jury spends three days trying to interpret law, and comes back with some wacked out decision that's impossible under the law, then this trial was a complete waste of time.
Better for the jury to ask direct, relevant questions to the judge that he can answer on point than spend days trying to understand ever minor point in the entire law.
Re:New slashdot motto (Score:2)
If I was determining someone's fate (particuarly jail time), I would want to know as much as possible.
If the judge denied me that (and I thought that I needed that to make an informed decision), I'd have no choice but to consider the defendant NOT GUILTY.
And this is right how? (Score:2)
That's bullshit... (Score:2)
(BTW, if someone told the judge that, could they be held in contempt of court?)
true story, jury nulification... (Score:2, Interesting)
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Pheonix, Arizona.
A woman's son is on trial for a drug crime that is over 10 years old, and he may go to jail for an unreasonably long time if the jury condemns him based on the "judges instructions" for how they must apply the law.
The woman prints out hundreds of yellow papers with information on "jury nullification" where it states that a jury can decide that a law is not valid and therefore aquit whomever they want for no reason other than common sense and their own will.
She put these papers in the windows of all the cars in the parking lots of the court house. Hoping that her son's jury would find them and read them, and aquit her son on charges that were not reasonable, out of date or whatever (as I don't recall all the details of the story forgive the fudging here)
The FBI arrests her for doing this and brings her to court to throw her in jail. But as irony works out they can't show the evidence to the jury because it would inform them of their rights to "jury nullification". So the FBI dropped the charges against her.
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-v
Appeal (Score:2)
Re:US vs. RU law? (Score:2)
jurisdiction (Score:2)
ElcomSoft was knowkingly doing business in the states, in willful violation of the law. End of (jurisdictional) story.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:4, Insightful)
Juries get to read large chunks of the law all of the time. They usually receive an interpretation of the statute from the judge as well. The two are not exclusive. If you ever sit on a criminal jury, you may find yourself making decisions as to which statute best fits the crime--all from the statutes as they are written.
Your second point claiming that "the jury is only allowed to decide the facts of the case within the law as it is written," is true (whatever the libertarians have to say about it) but beside the point. You're way off in left field with it. There is no evidence whatsoever that the jury is trying to decide whether or not the law is just--rather they want the text of it to see whether or not the DMCA applies in this case. That is a common request and rarely turned down.
In a few years after you graduate high school you will be called for jury duty (god help us) and find out what it is really like.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:5, Informative)
Translating the law into jury instructions is routine. I'd probably appreciate it if I were a juror! It's not that statutes can't be understood by the layperson, it's that their meaning depends on carefully chosen terms of art (like "willfully" as a specific and perhaps surprising legal meaning that would be spelled out for the jury) and precedent from this or related statutes. Thus a statute usually must be researched and interpreted to apply it, and interpretion is not normally the province of the jury.
In short, if anyone things this is a DMCA conspiracy it's not, and if they thinks it's unfair to the people, it's not. Folks the ACLU would otherwise be apeshit (to use the technical legal term).
I disagree on "Deciding whether the law is okay or not is for another court." -- trial courts declare statutes invalid as easily as any other court. Their decisions are reviewed by the appellate court de novo, which means the trial judge gets no deference, the theory being that any judge can evaluate the law regardless of whether they were present at the trial. Questions of fact may well require deference to the trial judge, who saw the witnesses testify. On the other hand, the trial court is bound by precedent, the rulings of higher courts. Once the upper court decides something, lower courts do not get to second-guess it.
Lastly, there is one way jurors do pass on the valdity or even sense of a law or a particular prosecution, called jury nullification. Nullification is where the jury basically acquits where it should have convicted. This "power" (it is not technically legitimate) has been used for good and ill, and has no lasting impact on the law. But once a valid acquittal is entered, retrial is normally (not always) barred by double jeopardy. (Notice how I have to ut siclaimers all over the place -- the law is complicated, and not just a matrix of arcane rules. Rigid, easy to understand rules often sacrifice justice in the name of clarity. Notice also that I have trouble stopping writing once I begin.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:3, Interesting)
Having the jury "understand" the law through the instructions of the court alone simply introduces an extra unnecessary point of error into the process.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:3, Informative)
Laws also require expertise to interpret, and law school is tough for a reason. The discussions about statutory interpretation in the courts and in the academy are positively endless, and the correct approach is probably one of the most prominent topics in the law. (Judge Posner of the 7th Circuit has written some of the most accessible articles on this.) Laws often do not speak for themselves, and the result of 12 people on a jury coming each to a different private understanding of the law would be chaotic. I think allowing the jury to second-guess the lawyers and the judge -- who are more likely right -- "simply introduces an extra unnecessary point of error into the process" with no compensatory gain.
Whether the DMCA is valid, incidentally, depends not on whether it is a wise or just or efficient or necessary law. The only question is whether it's valid and constitutional, period. The people who haggle about wisdom and justice and efficiency and necessity are called legislators. As for its interpretation, in the present case it's pretty simple unless I haven't followed the case closely enough.
Regardless of expertise, and perhaps more compelling, there is a basic procedural rationale. Judges have to explain their analysis of the law on the record when denying challenges, and approve jury instructions. These things are on the record and available for review. The private judgments of a juror are not. The record is this huge bound paper thing that anyone can see, and which goes up on appeal.
I've actually been involved (as an advisor, not the decisionmaker!) in this process of judging the validity of a law, and it can be tough. You're welcome to read the decision: United States v. Kenney [titleii.com]. It was some of my most challenging work, and the decision was widely followed by courts in other circuits so I guess the logic wasn't too bad. BTW, while Kenney may appear to be a gun control case, it's really not; the topic is the generic power of Congress to enact laws under the Commerce Clause.
If "I" the judge am wrong I will have exposed my reasoning for all to ridicule, and exposed myself to reversal by the Supreme Court (which, believe it or not, happened once -- the judges there ignored my advice, although I concede I was right partly by luck
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
And jury nullification is the right of the jury, so they can decide whether the law is right/wrong.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Well, not really. As MacAndrew said up-thread, nullification is unofficial at best, and has applied to both good and bad ends. There's really no way we can get rid of it-- the jury does return the verdict, after all-- but it's not really a "right" in any meaningful sense either. It's more like a loophole.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:4, Informative)
I don't have time to really run this down, but here [lawrence.edu] (U.S. v. Thomas) is a 1997 Second Circuit case with a good discussion of jury nullification. It has cites to Supreme Court decisions you can run down if you like, including to Sparf which jury nullification proponents often cite as having upheld jury nullification, when it did the exact opposite. I can only wonder how that is. I would be very interested in contrary evidence with appropriate citations.
In Thomas a juror was dismissed by the trial court on various grounds. The 2nd Cir. found this to be error on evidentiary grounds and remanded. The relevant section in full (U.S. v. Thomas):
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
It is true that the most recent applications of jury nullification -- the acquittal of white's for crimes against blacks -- have been regrettable. But that is not a problem with jury nullification, but rather with jury selection. Besides, the benefits jury nullification can provide far outweigh its drawbacks, in that it allows ordinary people to prevent the government from forcing draconian laws on any individual citizen. Fugutive slave laws were wrong, and were rightfully disregarded by juries. Likewise with laws during prohibition. And defamation laws to which the "truth was no defense".
Even if it is, as you say, a violation of a jurror's "oath", that oath is irrelevant. Just as contracts which call for violations of the law (i.e., a contract for murder) are illegal, so are any oaths which call for poeple to ignore what is right/wrong (in their best estimation) void.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Mistaken on philosophy? How can you be mistaken on philosophy? That's just stupid. You might have a different philosophy, you might wrongly describe a particular philosophy but to be mistaken on philosophy just isn't in the nature of the beast.
Mistaken on the law? Well, that may or may not be. A lot of people fall on either side of the question and case law has been cited on both sides.
Mistaken on spelling? Well yes, and what does that make you? A spelling nazi, a specific kind of slashdot low life.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
I've been clear that I don't necessarily know what the rules should be, but I do know what they are right now. I actually went to a lot of trouble to try to explain it, instead of just calling someone a butthead and leaving it at that. "The jury has the right, NAY, THE DUTY" to do its job properly, not to go off on its "high horse" to undermine democratically enacted laws. That's the real insult to democracy, and you are the one with pretensions ("nay"?). If you are called to serve, remember to refuse to take any oath to uphold the law.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Jury foreman Dennis Strader said the jurors agreed ElcomSoft's product was illegal but acquitted the company because they believed the company didn't mean to violate the law.
Ignorance is not an excuse is the old expression, true, but it's not complete -- you still have to break the law. Here, willfulness was required, a conscious violation of the law. The jury appears to have decided the prosecution failed to prove this element, esp. where the law was confusing. A normal case, no nullification.
money quote (Score:2)
I fully agree with this statement, and answer the "if" clause in the affirmative. The juror has a duty to ensure that the law is appropriate as applied to the actions of the defendant (that is, the defendent is not being overcharged), that the law is Constitutional, and that the punishments allowed by the law are appropriate to the facts of the case. The judge has a duty to ensure that the law is upheld, and is acting within his duty to dismiss jurors during voire dire (sp?) if the judge suspects that the juror will not uphold the law. These are checks and balances which are wholly appropriate.
It should also be noted that the scope of a decision is very important. A law is not rendered moot by jury nullification - such nullification affects only a single case. Nor is a law rendered moot by the decision of a judge to overturn the law. That only applies to his court or district. Even if the Supreme Court declares a law unconstitutional, the prosecution may continue to bring cases under that law (though as a practical matter, such cases would be dismissed in every court in the land, and an overzealous prosecutor might find himself subject to a wrongful prosecution suit) as long as the law is on the books.
Re:money quote (Score:2)
You're right about scope of precedent, except that jury nullification has no significance because it is illegal. All the jury returns is a verdict on guilt or innocence, not special findings about the laws, although nullification might be inferred from the strangeness of the verdict or later statements of the jurors. So the scope of nullification is limited to the scope of the case in the same way a mistrial is, except that a mistrial can be remedied with retrial.
The judge's rulings of law are the law of the case alone; the other trial judges are not bound to any particular rule until an appeals court decision comes along. Special rules kick in if the validity of a law is drawn into question, for example the US Attorney must be notified, if not already a party to the case, to render their opinion; and rarely would the voiding of a law not be appealed immediately. Last, the prosecution may not bring cases under a law declared void (moot is something else); it would not even get a grand jury indictment, and the mere filing even once would be malpractice, prosecutorial misconduct, and so on. The prosecutor might well lose his or her job and face bar disciplinary sanctions up to the loss of their license. One thing that will really make a court flip out is to disregard its ruling, and a prosecutor abusing the power of the office is a particularly terrible thing.
Boy, this little point has spilled a lot of ink, hasn't it?
Re:money quote (Score:2)
They is a plural pronoun. You may be confused by my references to the court because it has three judges on the panel, "they."
And of course I make my share of typos, though I did pretty well here.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
That's from your link. In other words, the defense didn't even bring up the point that jury nullification is a right, rather that the dismissal of the juror was unjustified on other grounds. It's quite easy to bash a position that wasn't even given a fair representation by any of the parties. As the defendents were given what they wanted (new trials) no further challenges would arise from this anyway so it was a neat opportunity to say whatever the judges wanted safe from review. The correctness of it is almost beyond the point. They were safe in shooting their mouth off against one of the most profound inconveniences for a judge, the ability, the right, of a jury to ignore the high and mighty and not just decide the facts but the justice of the law as well.
Whether this awesome power of the jury has been misused at time to provide injustice is absolutely irrelevant to the existence or inexistance of the right. If the bill of rights were held under the same standard, what would happen to free speech after the klan marched in Skokie, Penthouse put an illustration of a girl in a meatgrinder in its pages and other insults to good taste and good sense.
Is there any of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights that has not created a bad result some time during our history (OK, amendment 3 but that's never come under test in any circumstance). In reality, the idea of malignant nullification nullifying jury nullification is profoundly unamerican and the decision you cite while giving the correct result (new trials) uses aberrational logic and would not stand review.
Now I'm not a judge, but it's just unamerican to nullify a right of the people by the bad exercise of that right by some people. If that logic holds, you might as well use the Constitution as toilet paper because it wouldn't be worth a damn.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Why, exactly, the jury asked to see a document-- it's not entirely clear which document-- we may never know. They should not, if they've been adequately instructed, have to refer to the law at all.
That's what I really meant to say. I think you understood what I mean, but I wanted to clarify anyway.
Your point on nullification, though, is well taken. But isn't it safe to say that a trial jury isn't supposed to be concerned with questions of law and procedure, but rather the facts of the case? Questions of law and procedure are usually reserved for the appellate courts, right?
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Jury nullification has been used for many good things throughout history. For example, to void fugitive slave laws, or to avoid convicting people at the end of the unjustified prohibition on alcohol. Its also been used in backwards ways, for example to acquit OJ Simpson. But the point is, it is a necessary check on the gov'ts power. If the gov't can't even convince 12 ppl that something should be illegal, then a person shouldn't go to jail for that.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
I addressed the nullification issue elsewhere [slashdot.org] here.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
I think I see the gap here -- recall that there's a jury and a judge. Q's of law always go to the judge, always. The judge rulings in turn are reviewed by the appellate court, but that judge always gets first crack at it (saving the appellate court some research labor, BTW
The jury's decisions, meanwhile, are not really reviewable except when their conclusions are essentially irrational, or there's some sign of jury tampering, and some other misc. I'd have to look up. This can be kind of ugly, such as when juries acquitted people of murder because they didn't like federal antilynching laws. Unreviewable.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Why, exactly, the jury asked to see a document-- it's not entirely clear which document-- we may never know. They should not, if they've been adequately instructed, have to refer to the law at all.
But isn't it safe to say that a trial jury isn't supposed to be concerned with questions of law and procedure, but rather the facts of the case?
Let's start at the end and work our way back. Trial juries tend to focus on facts rather than law, but every law has its first trial. This is the DMCA's first trial in more ways than one. It is perfectly valid to examine a law that has never been examined. There is no precedent to be guided by here, only a corporate lobby. I'd want to examine the law myself.
I'll tell you why the jury asked to read the actual law: they don't understand it. They understand murder, theft, robbery, even tax evasion. It shouldn't take much in the way of instruction to get a jury up to speed on the differences between murder, manslaughter, negligent homicide and the like. None of these folks, however, have given the DMCA any thought at all, even if they have ever heard of it. It would be irresponsible to not do their utmost to understand the law in question, up to and including reading it.
Only when they understand what the law actually prohibits and accept that it is legitimate can they even begin to wonder if person X violated it in such and such a way. The DMCA doesn't have the thousands of years of precedent that murder statutes have, and it certainly has a questionable moral leg to stand on. Its legitimacy needs to exist in the hearts of the jurors before they can consider giving it its first precedent.
All that, mind you, is before the jury asks itself if it wants Russia applying its domestic laws in, say, Michigan.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:3, Insightful)
I was right with you up to this point. This issue is deader than dead. The crime of which these folks are accused was committed on US soil; they were arrested on US soil; they are being tried on US soil. The fact that they're Russian citizens is irrelevant.
If you were to commit a crime in Russia, you would expect to be arrested by Russian police officers, tried in a Russian court, and, if convicted, sentenced to a Russian prison. This situation is no different.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
As for this being a "virgin law," I'm not persuaded the jury needs to see it as a matter of course. On the other hand, the court can decide to give it to them if it likes. If the jury instructions are botched, that can be reviewed later, though note that the defense probably signed off on them.
As to why the jury asked to see the statute, that's speculation. Ask them after they're done.
I can't even believe the amount of insane misinformation out there on both jurisdiction and jury nullification. I just wasted a fair amount of time on the latter because I had to page through all these partisan pages all uselessly (mis)quoting each other before I finally switched to real legal sources to find real primary material -- which none of those sites apparently ever read. The rules and their rationales are so simple I have to figure some of these people are lying and others are accepting what they want to hear. I mean, really, this legal stuff is strictly 1L.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Two out of three ain't bad. Russian programmers wrote a program in Russia. One of them showed up in the US for a conference and got arrested. He hadn't even had time to jaywalk here. What had Skylarov, himself, done in the US to be arrested? That is not a dead issue by a long shot. ... these folks are accused of a lot of things, but one man was thrown in jail. What had he done in the US? Once the jury decides if the DMCA is legitimate enough to apply, it needs to remember that it doesn't cover actions in Moscow.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Part of the evidence in the case was that Elcomsoft sold the product to several Americans, apparently with no precautions to respect American law even after being warned, effectively breaking our law on our soil. Was the U.S. wise to bring this case? Perhaps not. Is Elcomsoft guilty? I don't know. Did the U.S. have the authority? Probably.
Critically, ElcomSoft did challenge jurisdiction [slashdot.org] (esp. read the briefs and judge's decision). Elcomsoft raised unconvincing grounds (IMHO, and the judge's) and lost. Any challenge to jurisdiction here should focus on the questions raised in the briefs and the court's answers. For the purposes of this case, any other challenges Elcomsoft could have raised might have been great but have been waived. The judge may have been wrong, but that doesn't mean that jurisidiction is this sort of case is at all difficult to conceive.
I'm not defending here the substance of the DMCA or the law on jurisdiction, just describing.
Don't forget Skylarov is not on trial; his charges are apparently dismissed. His arrest was probably valid, but I'm not happy at all about the detention, as a matter of policy and civil liberties. If his arrest was illegal he could sue for damages, though I suspect he may not want to hang around in the U.S. after what happened. I wouldn't.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
> facts have to be demonstrated in order to return
> which verdict. It becomes a set of if-then
> propositions. If Person X did such-and-such, in
> such-and-such way, then return a verdict of
> "guilty."
If that is true there is no point in having a jury at all.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
The point of a jury is to decide the facts. In any criminal case, one party is going to say X happened, while the other will say that Y happened. It is the jury's job to decide which of these things is true.
Well in advance of the jury's deliberations, the judge-- with input from both parties-- has decided the legal issues of the case. If X happened, then the defendant is guilty of the crime of A. If Y happened, then the defendant isn't. The judge delivers these instructions to the jury so they will know how to translate their finding of fact into a verdict.
In a jury trial, the jury decides the facts, and the judge decides the law. (Usually. Almost always.)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:3, Informative)
Speaking of which, does anybody know where this "100 pages" thing came from? Chapter 12 of Title 17, which is (I think) the relevant body of law, is only 13 pages long. Where did Ms. Glasner get her "100 pages" thing?
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Jurors: Can we see the law?
Judge: No.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we go out for pizza and beers?
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we play Pictionary?
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we spend valuable time debating an issue that has no bearing on the verdict?
Judge: No.
See? The system works.
Re:juries don't usually consult the law directly (Score:2)
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we read the transcript of the trial?
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we read about some relevant piece of evidence?
Judge: No.
Jurors: Can we deliver a non-guilty verdict?
Judge: No.
Yeah, works real well. So long as one is never on trial under the DMCA with this judge, that is. I see no reason why a judge saying no to the first would not also say no to the others as well.
Re:Jury of one's peers... (Score:2)
Except for the fact that whether Elcomsoft was ignorant of the law or not is irrelevant to the verdict of the case. If they did certain things, then they are in violation of the law, and they should be convicted. It's up to the jury only to decide whether they did those certain things or not. Whether they knew the law or not doesn't matter one bit.
Re:On the surface (Score:3, Informative)
From The Juror's Handbook [fija.org] as published by Fully Informed Jury Association [fija.org]
The power of the Jury to judge both the facts of the case at hand and the law itself was widely recognised and indeed lauded by the founders of this nation. I've got some documentation on it, but don't really feel like looking further at the moment. I'm sure others on this thread will.
Re:On the surface (Score:2)
Laws are the rules of our society. And they need to be understood. Not just by the people that write them, but by the people who are agree to be governed by them.
I for one like to know what the government around me can do. I like to know how the leaders and programs I support are affecting my world.
I don't fear bad cops [defendbrooklyn.com], I fear bad law [anti-dmca.org].
(no disrespect to the good folks of defendbrooklyn.com. I lived there for a while and still love that place, but yeah it's a tough town some blue nights. fulton sq.=missing ya. this is a real bad cop [virtualave.net])