RIAA Seeks Summary Judgement Against P2P Services 638
kanad writes: "RIAA seeks summary judgement against Musiccity , Kazaa and Grokster. In other words they want the above to be banned even before the trial. RIAA accuses them as Napster clones.
Read the
official statement here BTW does anybody knows of 'Leonard Kleinrock' described as "one of the original founders of the Internet" in the article and an expert witness ?" I wonder whether the mimeograph machine would survive if it was invented today.
Kleinrock (Score:5, Informative)
Unfortunately the RIAA page is
Re:Kleinrock (Score:3, Funny)
Re:Kleinrock (Score:3, Insightful)
At age 6 he was stealing hardware
to listen to free music
Nice story [ucla.edu]if you haven't seen it before, a little overblown though
Re:Kleinrock (Score:2, Funny)
I opened 10 tabs of the page in Mozilla just in case.
Re:Interesting thoughts... (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:Kleinrock (Score:2)
I expect next you'll be claiming that sex requires two or more people...
Re:Kleinrock (Score:3, Funny)
Re:Kleinrock (Score:2)
What do you think about cable testers?
Re:Kleinrock (Score:3, Funny)
Problem Description: User claims that havening [nanc.com] a self-pinging machine amounts to incestuous narcissism
Status: CLOSED. Works for me.
Re:Kleinrock (Score:2, Informative)
The "first node of the Internet?" You can't have an Internet with only one node.
Now, this statement of yours makes so little sense, its not even funny. Go read up on some history of what really happened (just the facts)
and you'll see exactly where this comes from.
(would you trust vint cerf saying the same thing.. which he did...?)
This is a problem with posts like this: people try to make smart-ass remarks, and give others wrong perceptions.
it's typical today (Score:3, Insightful)
it is rather unfortunate that the RIAA's product is less talented than it's lawyers
Re:it's typical today (Score:4, Interesting)
It is unfortunate, but a quality product is not what makes money in this day and age, it's having lawyers that can twist the crap out of your product to make it look good, and make everything else look evil (aka Microsoft), and marketing crap well (again, Microsoft)... All the RIAA needs to learn to do is market their crap WELL, and we're all doomed!
Re:it's typical today (Score:2)
Re:it's typical today (Score:2)
blah! (Score:3, Insightful)
It can be used to cut into our profits, stop it...
With this logic, PC's should be banned, as they can copy music, MSN and AOL should be shut down, since they provide access to the internet, which has illegal copies of music, and hell, XM radio should be shutdown as well, since it is hackable and can have music ripped off of it...
BLAH! Put the RIAA out of their missery, and MINE!
Re:blah! (Score:2)
Don't worry, they're working on that [politechbot.com], too.
They're Already Doing It (Score:2, Informative)
"With this logic, PC's should be banned as they can copy music"
They're already trying to do something like that, but instead of banning PCs and services, they want to turn them into devices that they can control. For example, check out Palladium [cam.ac.uk]. Last time I checked, both AMD and Intel had bought in to this [slashdot.org].Re:blah! (Score:5, Insightful)
*DING* You win the prize. You now understand why you need to never give them any more money ever again. They DO want to take away computers and they won't stop with any halfway methods (because those methods will always be beaten) and they will work their way toward a world where there are no computers (Except for *_approved_* *_trusted_* minions of the copyright industry. To do your part, stop giving them any resources they can use to destroy freedom. That means no more money for the copyright industry forever.
Re:blah! (Score:4, Insightful)
Option #1: Retain copyright. Result: vital political liberties are demolished to control the flow of information for the benefit a few massive corporations. 99% of artists work day jobs.
Option #2: Abolish copyright. Result: political liberties survive and massive corporations continue to be massive corporations. 99% of artists work day jobs.
The common themes are rich corporate pigs and starving artists, and the only variable is political liberty. Seems like a no-brainer to me.
Re:blah! (Score:2)
I think we should get the TV ads that have been running recently about having Church in the basement of houses, having a person pulled over for newspapers.
I think everyone is beginning to catch on. Someday they all will and we won't have to listen to the bullshit anymore.
Alice in RIAA-land (Score:2)
RIAA is slashdotted... but... from Alice...
"Sentence First. Verdict After!"
History... (Score:2, Interesting)
I wonder if the mass distribution of music for a profit would survive if Napster, Kazaa and Grokster would have been around during the 1920s.
Re:History... (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:History... (Score:5, Funny)
Does that answer your question?
Re:History... (Score:2)
But these companies were already in business before these technologies came into effect. The record industry had decades on time to build up before the onslaught of "p2p traders". What if the technology and the record companies grew up simultaneously instead of decades apart? Would the record companies be able to sell into a meat-space distribution network?
Re:History... (Score:4, Insightful)
No, but correct me if I'm wrong in stating thats the whole point of the market. There would not have been a need for them. Mind you, there may have been a need to regulate or mandate these distribution networks such that artists had to get paid, but the way the RIAA conducts business (shelfspace, adspace, and no space left over for anybody else)
But thats okay, see? I can't link the intrinsic need for the Big Label business model to the existance and development of music
We're so used to the RIAA approach that we think its required for artists to earn a living. So who cares if the RIAA's members could have survived with their approach had Napster been around at their birth? Its not like the RIAA are royalty-giving saints and p2p networks are all socialist devils. P2P networks can't pay the artists for copyrights mostly because the labels own the copyrights and dont want the p2p networks to be able to pay so that they can own all the parts of the music industry. (IE, they want to own the entire vertical market, and use the limited shelf and ad space available to artificially control who gets to profit off the music industry.)
Sorry for all the italics and bold. The only way to progress is to rip down what already exists, if you get my drift. Humans find a system that works, in the end. Any one group that becomes very powerful, such as the RIAA, simply injects unnatural market forces and distorts the perception of 'need' in a market. Its not that p2p networks dont want to be able to support royalty payments, its that the RIAA doesn't want anybody else to participate in the very market it was created to own.
The worst part is, the RIAA represents a group of labels that supposedly reps the entire music industry and yet represents itself like one company that needs to maximize all potential sources of profit. If that isn't cartel, I'm not sure what is.
Re:History... (Score:2)
Interesting read, your post (Yoda speak). Lets say meat-space was nuked as a distribution method. How can music artists make money with p2p? Its not like Kazaa or Napster required you to swipe a credit card before the download started. None of the current p2p trading models seem to benefit the artist directly -- at least the record label kicks a couple of pennies their way. I know artist are supposively getting ripped off by the labels but it doesn't seem to stop them from seeking a label instead of starting their own Internet Music Publishing Empire.
Re:History... (Score:5, Insightful)
History is an great thing to bring up, actually, because this pre-emptory banning of P2P services is ridiculous. When Thomas Jefferson put the idea of intellectual property into the Constitution of the United States, he did so because he realized that information leaks; once people learn something, they can reuse that knowledge. Jefferson believed that if there was no protection to intellectual property, people would not be encouraged to share knowledge with others. Writers would not write, inventors would not invent, artists would not . So in the US Constitution, it says: The reason why this is important is spelled out in Jefferson's own writings: His assumptions are based on the fact that you can not control what people do with information that you give to them. If you hand someone a book, they can transcribe it. If you give someone a physical invention, they can disassemble it. But if you give them a new form of media, say, a song on a copy-protected CD, and they can no longer listen to it except on approved devices that they cannot copy from, why should the government provide the same protection to you? The record companies and movie studios want to have their cake and eat it too. They want traditional copyright protection, technological copyright protection, and a government guarantee of technological copyright protection. They want to deprive all those bearded Linux hippies their DeCSS, so they can't watch bootleg Buffy the Vanpire Slayer DVDs in their parents' basement. But if they have technological protection, then why should the government give them traditional protection? It was only there because information was hard to protect as property.
How far are we going to let the copyrighters go? We need to remind people that copyright, like most laws in the US, is a balance between two forces, and the scale should not be tipped too far to one side.
Re:History... (Score:5, Insightful)
I always found it funny that, armed with the DMCA, you can pretty much 'invent' your own copyright terms, since circumventing protections that violate the law of copyright (notably that the work must return into the public domain after some-odd yeats) is itself against the law.
Basically, we've arrived in a situation where the copyright holders can write their own blank cheques of ownership, which was one of the reasons copyright law was enacted in the first place (yes, to mandate ownership and royalties to the author, but also to break the monopoly that the Royal Family-approved publishing houses had on the social culture at the time.)
Re:History... (Score:2)
The world is changing, and it's eliminating a lot of the need for the studios. Just because they don't like it doesn't mean they get to legislate reality to fit them.
Insert obligatory Heinlein quote here.
Leonard Kleinrock (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:Leonard Kleinrock (Score:3, Interesting)
it says on his site he "supposedly" made the first message, packet switching, internet node and such. Even if that WERE te case, so what? I mean. What can he say?
Re:Leonard Kleinrock (Score:2, Informative)
Re:Leonard Kleinrock (Score:4, Interesting)
having said that, this has absolutely no relevance to this case.
How does that have any effect? (Score:4, Interesting)
Going further, what's to stop IRC and a number of FTP servers? I still host a ton of content on my FTP server, and it is NOT anonymous (yeah-yeah, insecure blahblah). Or, I could burn info to a CD and send it wherever to whomever, or even just email a MP3 if its small enough...
ineffective at best, i say.
----rhad
Re:How does that have any effect? (Score:4, Informative)
Of course, where there is a will there is a way, and many motivated individuals could find alternate means to distribute music and such. As they say on
Re:How does that have any effect? (Score:2)
----rhad
Re:How does that have any effect? (Score:2)
Kazaa is not made by a US company, and I doubt anybody else in the world would take DMCA very seriously. So suing them would be difficult.
I disagree, you neglect the transaction costs (Score:5, Insightful)
A) Cut out 95% of the users because they won't have the necessary skills to complete most of the downloads they desire.
B) Cut out most of the people that have (or acquire) the skills because finding the files, the sites, and acquiring the trust or the ratios (maybe not necessary in this system, but that is the status quo and human nature). The few that are willing to put up the effort likely are not RIAA's better customers anyways.
C) Reduce the # of downloads of said users, by virtue of the fact that each one simply takes them longer.
Very effective.
Re:I disagree, you neglect the transaction costs (Score:2, Insightful)
Actually, most informations point to the exact opposite being true. The people doing the most downloading/trading are the biggest music fans. These are the people that spend large amounts of their free time in obtaining and listening to music. They buy a lot of CDs, usually as many as they can afford. If they find a way to get more music, they use it. These customers are the bread&butter of the RIAA. This is why letting them download music helps so much - they are the very people who are most likely to be going out and buying what they like instead of just consuming a radio stream.
'
Re:I disagree, you neglect the transaction costs (Score:2)
Consider the fact that there was a time before MAKE MONEY FAST. A time in which the only spam that occurred was people flaming rstevew on alt.sex. Now I get many times more spam than actual content whether I go to the web, USENET, my email, et cetera.
Anyone remember what getting on line was like back in those days? When's the last time anyone actually has to write scripts by hand to parse their SLIP IP from the output of the Annex server? (Yes, people do this today with pppd, but if you search you can find a prewrritten script, and there are numerous pppd config tools.) Or how about setting up UUCP, before it was so easy to get a ppp or slip connection? Or, fer chrissakes, plug and play broadband internet.
Make it harder and maybe I'll get better download speeds, and I'll be able to find actually interesting music, rather than people doing Whitney Houston and Nelly floods on USENET. What crap.
Leonard Kleinrock (Score:2, Informative)
Leonard Kleinrock created packet switching (Score:2, Redundant)
http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/
Re:Leonard Kleinrock created packet switching (Score:2, Funny)
Ive said it before.. and ill say it again. (Score:3, Insightful)
All of this litigation is, frankly, nonsense.
If the goverment is for the people, (i know it really isnt) and the people want to be able to download mp3s. Then this should be reflected in the law of the land.
Maybe we could vote on it?
Re:Ive said it before.. and ill say it again. (Score:2)
Re:Ive said it before.. and ill say it again. (Score:5, Insightful)
Uhh, no.
What the people want is easy access to music, and the ability to sample.
The ability to sample? (Score:2, Funny)
What the people want is easy access to music, and the ability to sample.
P.Diddy has the ability to sample, and look where it got him.
Re:Ive said it before.. and ill say it again. (Score:5, Insightful)
What they DON'T want is inflated CD prices full of crap they don't want to listen to.
The whole music industry is based on the idea that "we can get one catchy song, pay ClearChannel to play it over and over on their station, and all the suckers will buy the whole album" - That's why singles have all but disappeared as of late.
That's why they are so pissed. They put up this big front of how morally objectionable trading songs over the net is, when the true motivation is that P2P apps let people get the one song off that craptastic album they actualyl want instead of going out and dropping $16 on a CD that they'll never listen to, aside from that one song.
Re:Ive said it before.. and i'll say it again. (Score:5, Insightful)
Here is what I want:
The ability to download a low quality version of a song to see if I like it. If i like it, i am given the option to buy that track at a reasonable cost (I'd pay ~$1 USD, but demand a bulk discount for a whole CD): I want this track that I buy to be available NOW, in many popular formats including a lossless format suitable for burning. I want the right to copy this track to kingdom come, from my car to my home and portable.
The record companies will say that then users will take this files and exchange them all over with their friends but think about this: I have money and my time is worth money -- it it technically "cheaper" for me to pay $1 for a high-quality song and have it NOW than to spend 5 hours finding a low-quality and corrupted copy off some P2P service. As an extension of this, those who can't afford to pay for digital music cannot afford to buy the CD anyway, so no one is loosing a sale anyway.
Re:Ive said it before.. and ill say it again. (Score:2)
Without Napster I don't download new music (I know there's replacements, they're just too much hassle, and I haven't kept up). I also still don't buy CD's.
Did the RIAA lose money from me? No
How do they make money. Well, they could lower their prices. I'm not exactly being truthful about not buying CD's, in the past two years I did buy one Sting CD with some live songs on it
Lower the prices, I'll buy CD's. Artificially inflate them, I won't. Given the choice between a $16 CD and $16 DVD, I'll buy the DVD every time.
I also have noticed that at least the MPAA (while still evil) will sell their product DVD's on sale, whereas the RIAA basically never lowers the price from the initial price (in fact some times it goes up for older CD's).
You don't see the pr0n stars complaining... (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:You don't see the pr0n stars complaining... (Score:5, Interesting)
You don't see the pr0n stars complaining and thier, um stuff, get's traded more heavily than the copywritten music on KaZaA.
No, not the stars, but the copyright holders on all that pr0n care. I don't know how this has eluded the like of /. yet, but read the CNN/Money piece entitled
"Porn outfit bids for Napster" [cnn.com]
from yesterday:
HAND
But what about all the porn (Score:2)
Now what about all the porn being traded online. We're talking 200 MB files of people gettin it on. Has Vivid been suing?
Huh? (Score:3, Interesting)
Straight from "the man" (Score:5, Interesting)
"Its mission is to foster a business and legal climate that supports and promotes our members' creative and financial vitality. "
Note that the RIAA's goal is to change the business and legal climate in order for its members to make money. Considering that their "members" are companies not actual artists, I'd say that the "creative" is just a throw-away red herring.
Basically the RIAA's job is to muscle other businesses, bribe politicians and anything else that it can do to make sure that its member companies are "financially viable."
All this from such a short phrase.
I'd have to say that even though what the RIAA does is technically legal in most respects, their actions do not live up to the spirit of the free market and the spirit of a democracy that represents the _people_.
Re:Straight from "the man" (Score:4, Interesting)
Don't buy their products.
In related news... (Score:5, Funny)
"Today is a victory against those manufacturers who create loudspeaker products that allow just anyone standing around to listen to our music products, instead of singling out those who have legitimately purchased them."
When asked if they were going to pursue other speaker manufacturers, Rosen stated: "Of course! I want my lawsuit commission to top last year... uh... I mean, we need to defend the rights of our slavewriters, uh, songwriters."
No songwriters could be reached for comment because they have to go work at McDonalds to afford new speakers to playback their recordings.
Re:In related news... (Score:2)
Re:In related news... (Score:5, Interesting)
I wonder whether the mimeograph machine... (Score:2)
Idunno, but the fresh pages sure smelled good!
RIAA & Theft (Score:2, Interesting)
The RIAA just doesn't have a clue what reality is.
TheftThe act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same; larceny.
Note: To constitute theft there must be a taking without the owner's consent, and it must be unlawful or felonious; every part of the property stolen must be removed, however slightly, from its former position; and it must be, at least momentarily, in the complete possession of the thief.
In order for something to be stolen, it must be taken AWAY from the possession of the owner. You can argue copyrights and such, but it isn't theft.
Copying is not theft. you havent removed anything. It may not be ethical to copy, but it isn't theft.
Somebody, we need a bull here (Score:2, Interesting)
b : an unlawful taking (as by embezzlement or burglary) of property
Embezzlement is a *lot* closer to copyright infringement than the other definition suggests.
However, note that this is from a dictionary from 1913, where there is still a noun 'theft' that means a stolen property. Note that the m-w.com site labels it obsolete. And there is also a definition as of stealing a base (in baseball).
This should show you that language is not static, it is fluid. The fact that you don't think it should be called theft is your problem. 'Theft' is now used to indicate copyright infringement. Cope.
Comment on a quote (Score:2, Insightful)
It seems that the majority of creators aren't getting the chance to make that decision. The RIAA with its arrogant presumption is making the decision for everyone by pursuing these services.
Re:Comment on a quote (Score:2)
"Waaah! We're the only ones allowed to rip the artists off!
Summary judgement .... (Score:3, Informative)
It's a great way to short-circuit an expensive long trial .... if you win ...
IANAL etc
Re:Summary judgement .... (Score:2)
In today's news... (Score:2, Funny)
Xerox (Score:2)
Next will come Kodak...how DARE you reproduce images without expressed written consent of all parties involved?!?!?
</sarcasm>
check this quote (Score:2)
RIAA® members create, manufacture and/or distribute approximately 90% of all legitimate sound recordings produced and sold in the United States.
That might be FUD, but damn. I knew it was bad, but I had no idea it was THAT bad.
Triv
Re:check this quote (Score:2)
The stuff the kid down the block records in his garage and gives to anyone who will listen, is in their minds illegitimate. If he sells a billion copies, he doesnt get a platinum disc, unless of course, he signs up with an RIAA approved label.
My take is this. 90%? So what? What about the other 10%? The RIAA, by their own admission, don't speak for everyone. We don't have a "majority rules" democracy in the US. 90% doesn't mean any more than 2%.
No, it wouldn't... (Score:3, Funny)
No, but not for the reason you're thinking. It would be immediately banned as thousands upon thousands of school kids catch a buzz from sniffing the freshly printed sheets.
kleinrock on kleinrock (Score:2)
Would the Kazaa network be effected? (Score:3, Insightful)
Summary Judgement (Score:5, Informative)
This is just a summary judgement request. I've never been involved in a case (thankfully few) where both sides didn't file requests for summary judgement. Its just lawyer chest thumping. The lawyers says "My case is so strong there is no possible defense." Then the judge whips out his denied stamp, whacks both summary judegment requests and the case proceeds.
Now, if the judge grants this, then that would be newsworthy.
If a lawyer filing a summary judgement request is news, then you probably ought to cover every time they take a leak too.
Maybe file-sharing software has a chance (Score:3, Insightful)
None of it matters in the end, though. There are three types of people out there: 1) There are those people who don't understand computer technology. 2) There are those people who understand it a little because they've used it. But they don't really understand it. They think that the icon is the program. They think of electronic mail as 'mail, but electronic.' And they have a fuzzy perception of information ownership. They think of people who alter the information on their computers in ways that were not intended as 'hackers' and slightly nefarious. 3) There are people who understand how computers work, and have a good idea what is happening with the 1's and 0's at any given time. Sure, they couldn't build their own OS, but they understand how it works to some degree. (Like someone who couldn't fix his car, but understands the basic concept of an internal combustion engine.)
Unfortunately, it is highly probable that the judge will belong to category 1 or 2.
It's the RIAAs fault now... (Score:2, Insightful)
I've gotten so fed up with this crap. I really quit buying CDs now. I download the songs I wanna hear. Not because I want to steal them but because I don't want to give the RIAA any more money they can use to get me, or the rest of us, up our respective a$$es. I support my favorite artists by going to concerts (yeah I know the RIAA gets a cut but what can you do?) and buying merchandise like the concert T's. God, I can't wait to see Disturbed and Korn next month!
Really, this wouldn't be such an issue if they were not a$$ raping us $20 for a CD. We all know now, how much it really cost to burn one!
If they'd charge a reasonable price and quit a$$ raping their customers and a$$ raping the bands they are pretending to protect (what is it, most bands get $.50 - $1 per CD sold? more? less?), they wouldn't have this problem in the first place!
Proud of himself, isn't he? (Score:4, Funny)
the birth of the Internet which occurred when his Host computer at UCLA became the first node of the Internet
Out of curiosity, what was the point of having the first host, as opposed to the first pair of hosts? "Hey, look at me! I'm networking with myself!"
In about thirty years I'll tell you how I was the first host on Internet 3. :)
Re:Proud of himself, isn't he? (Score:2, Informative)
Actually, there really was only one host on the Internet, my Internet, at the time. It was a little like masturbation. A simulation, but a pretty good one.
Your irony skillz are amazing, in that you said I created the Internet single-handedly. Twas true, twas true. Curled my hair, it did.
Re:Proud of himself, isn't he? (Score:2)
He is obviously lying. As we all know, Al Gore "took the initiative in creating the Internet".
What if... (Score:3, Interesting)
I'll say it again. (Score:3, Insightful)
Charge me $40-$60/month (which is more than i'm paying for CD every month these days), give me access to every song I want, and you'll make a killing.
Its a new era, you need a new billing scheme. Look at cable companies. Does anyone think that stealing cable is justified? They don't charge by the show, and conversely, nobody says "I'm not really stealing cable, because there's no way i'd watch 200 channels anyway." or "Yeah, i'll watch Showtime because I can, but if I couldn't get it for free, I wouldn't watch it."
It'll never happen though. They'll charge $18.99 for a highly restrictive format download of a shitty CD, then moan that nobody is buying it because of piracy.
So far as I know ... (Score:2, Informative)
Don't You Know Kleinrock? (Score:2)
memeograph question.. (Score:3, Interesting)
Interesting point. The historical answer is quite revealing. The invention in question is not the memeograph, but the printing press. The printing press so threatened those in control of information at the time (the Catholic church), that the entire reformation resulted. Let's just hope this go-round is not as bloody.
Leonard Kleinrock (Score:2, Informative)
http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/
What is they actually own? (Score:2, Interesting)
By the same token, do music copyright holders have the copyright to any technique that could produce air vibrations similar to the air vibrations that happened when the artist performed the song? And another thing, do they actually own the original vibrations, by which I mean, I'm not allowed to measure those vibrations and report to anyone else the results of my measurements, even if I make the measurements from a distance? They actually own the rights to what the air is doing?
What if I had a method to describe the complete pattern space of waveforms that the original music was not? That is, I have some sort of mathematical description of every possible wave form except the original music, I can't tell anyone what that is either, I suppose because that would allow you to derive the original. Even though I'm explicitly and rigourously not giving you the original.
What are we going to do about it? (Score:3, Insightful)
What have you done?
Re:What are we going to do about it? (Score:4, Interesting)
Better question... What have they done?
(and yes, I've donated (far too much) money to them, and have seen absolutely no roi)
Profit (Score:2)
I wonder if this means their case would be weaker against giFT [sourceforge.net].
How to prevent infringement? (Score:3, Interesting)
Can someone help me locate the testimony in which Kleinrock describes how they could easily control and prevent massive copyright infringement?
I mean, I'm dying of curiosity. Every solution I can think of is either trivial to circumvent, or non-trivial to implement. Nothing falls in the classification of "easy".
Then again, I'm not Dr. Internet with a PhD from MIT.
They always ask for Summary Judgement (Score:3, Informative)
There are two basic kinds of findings to be made: Findings of Fact, and Findings of Law. The first of those are derived by the jury, and the second are derived by the judge. If RIAA can demonstrate that, for all facts in dispute between the parties, if the judge took the P2P's position yet was would be required by law to find for the RIAA, then there is no jury trial.
Basically, the defendants here need to demonstrate how the facts in this case from past similar cases on which there is precedent. Otherwise, the judge can say, "you're hosed, boys" and shut them down without jury trial, because there's literally nothing for the jury to decide.
Re:what's next? (Score:2)
They better not. The only songs that seem to get stuck in my head are songs that I hate-- and I'm not paying for that shit.
Re:Leonard (Score:3, Informative)
From http://internet-history.org/memories/0055.html:
Al Gore has been one of my heroes for the last decade. I became aware of him around 1990 when he started being quoted a lot by the engineering types working on internetworking issues: He was the first legislator who actually appreciated what the internet was all about, and he helped guide the 'net through a very tricky transition.
When the 'net got started in the 1970's, every computer scientist who heard about it was jazzed, but only a very select clique could get to touch it: The hardware for the internet was these special computers called IMPs (I think that was short for Intelligent Message Processors) built by Honeywell, and outfitted with software and some minor hardware modifications by Bolt Beranek and Newman, and engineering company in Cambridge, Massachussetts. In order to get one of those, you had to be a research institution with contract funded research for the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense. I think the rental for an IMP was something like $100,000 per year, which had to be paid out of the overhead on the research contracts, so small colleges need not apply!
Around 1980-82, the ARPAnet had grown to include major military posts, defense contracting companies and most universities that had any defense research contracts at all. It was now carrying several different classes of traffic:
- administrative traffic for the military
- administrative traffic between the military and its contractors
- and acting as a testbed for research experiments in protocol
development.
During this period, TCP was developed, and the network switched from the original NCP protocol to TCP/IP. Shortly after that, the network had grown so large that it had run out of numbers for the IMPs (the hardware allowed 8 bits for the IMP number) and it was split into two separate networks connected by some routers called "mail bridges":
- network number 10 - ARPAnet
- network number 26 - MILnet
This split also helped calm the fears of some military people who were worried about sharing a network with potentially subversive students. This fear is why the connection between the networks was called "mail bridges" implying that only the relatively safe e-mail could get across. Despite the name, however, those were really full-fledged routers, providing a completely seamless connection.
With IP installed, and the newly invented ethernet allowing for affordable campus networks, the major universities started attaching campus networks to the ARPAnet backbone, using VAX-11/780 mini-computers with the network-aware version of UNIX that ARPA had paid University of California at Berkeley to develop.
Many of the smaller universities wanted to participate, but did not have any military reaserch contracts to qualify them, so they banded together to build a compatible network running TCP/IP over X.25 (Telenet, Tymnet). This was known as CS-NET (for Computer Science network).
By 1989, the university-to-university traffic had dwarfed the military traffic, and the DoD wanted to divest itself of the overheads of running the network, so they asked the National Science Foundation to take over. Around this time, the NSF had started a program to build - I think it was 9 - national supercomputer centers, and needed to link them with the potential users at universities. They rented a bunch of 56 kbps lines - of the same kind that ARPAnet ran on - and installed a bunch of routers built out of inexpensive PDP-11/23 minicomputers, using a software package called FUZZBALL, developed by professor Dave Mills of University of Delaware. This created a second backbone, parallel to the DoD-sponsored ARPA backbone. Since NSFnet had no military funding, there was no longer a requirement for military contracts to be connected, but since it was paid for by tax dolllars earmarked for reasearch in the national interest, it was not available to businesses, except in support of government paid research.
It was at this point that Senator Gore stepped in, and basically brokered a deal where NSF stopped paying for the network, and instead gave the universities money to buy network services. This made it possible to start network companies to compete with NSFnet and its regional affiliates. Several of the NSF-funded affiliates re-invented tehmselves overnight into for-profit ventures. NYSERnet became PSI, for example.
Without this visionary plan, there would not have been a commercial Internet.
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He has NEVER CLAIMED to have single-handedly created the internet. And it sounds to me like we could do much worse than to have him take the stand on the RIAA issue.
LEXX
Re:Leonard (Score:2)
On a related note:
My father was working for U of Md and NSF at the time, and I remember him talking about the transfer of the backbone from NSF. He was convinced it was going to destroy the universities' ability to use the internet, because (IIRC) the backbone providers were:
a)going to price universities out of the market
b) not be able to coordinate to enough an extent to actually keep the thing running.
I'd love to represent my dad (who is very farsighted) as prescient on this, but when it comes to the backbone, he seems to have been wrong. But he was quite foresighted in seeing the Internet as a commons that could easily be render much less useful.
Re:Leonard (Score:2)
If it wasn't for him, woul would have ARPAnet, MILnet, and CSnet, none of which would be available to the public.
This is like saying the founders of the Big Mac should take claim because there was hamburgers before there was Big Macs.
Re:Before the brainwashed Gore defenders start in. (Score:3, Informative)
LEXX
Re:Before the brainwashed Gore defenders start in. (Score:2)
Re:Wrong on so many levels... (Score:2)
Admittedly, it's not usually used for that, but the same argument was made for blank tapes.
Yeah, and a percentage of the proceeds of the sale of every blank tape goes to the RIAA.
If we're going to follow the same precedent, then every download of P2P software should be taxed.
Re:Wrong on so many levels... (Score:2)
True, it's not October yet.