Unmasking Blog Commenters Not a Huge Threat To Freedom 105
After writing that a Virginia court made an error in saying that spoofing an IP address in e-mail headers was analogous to using a "pseudonym," and that an Ontario court was wrong in saying that an IP address could be subpoenaed by a court because it was no more secret than personal information like a "home address," I think that the latest court ruling against online anonymity — an Illinois judge ordering a newspaper to reveal the identities of people who posted comments on its blog — is not as big of a threat to online privacy, and is not apparently based on any misconceptions about how the Internet works. However, the ruling has the potential to frighten bloggers more than necessary (as well as possibly set a bad precedent for future courts if they don't read the decision closely enough) because the ruling uses the word "bloggers" repeatedly to refer to what everyone else calls "blog commenters."
Police had asked the Alton Telegraph to reveal the identities of five people who had posted comments in the newspaper's blog which indicated they might have knowledge relevant to an ongoing murder investigation. The newspaper sued to avoid being forced to hand over the commenters' identities, saying that they were "news sources" protected under Illinois's newspaper shield law. Judge Richard Tognarelli ruled that blog commenters did not count as "sources" under the shield law, and allowed the police to go forward in obtaining the identity of two of the commenters, but denied the request to unmask three others, on the grounds that those commenters did not appear to have information relevant to the case.
To consider the relevant questions separately:
Is this legally correct?
Every time I raise a question like this, it provokes the ire of law students and lawyers who say that judges are the real experts on what is legally correct, and it's not appropriate for lay people to comment. As I never tire of saying, if judges are really "experts" in a sense that lay people are not, then it should be possible to put 10 judges in separate rooms, present them with the same facts of the same case, and have most of them independently come to the same conclusion about the correct answer, with a higher degree of accuracy than lay people would be able to reach the same conclusion. If this is not the case, then the judges are not playing the role of "experts" so much as "designated decision-makers," and it's perfectly fair for lay people to analyze whether the judges' reasoning appears correct.
In this case, the judge simply said that blog commenters are not news "sources" in the sense described by the law. The text of the shield law (735 ILCS 5/8-901) defines a "source" as "the person or means from or through which the news or information was obtained." Now, if you were to parse this super-literally, then the blog commenters could be considered "sources" because they are posting "information" which can be "obtained" by the reporters who later go back and read through the blog comments. But if you were to be that literal about it, then anybody who publishes "information" anywhere at all, including someone who posts a timetable of train departure times on their Web page, could be considered a "source" for information used by a reporter. Clearly the legislature did not intend for the term "source" to include all people who publish information anywhere under the sun (just because that information is technically available to reporters just like it's available to everyone else), or they would have said so. So it seems reasonable to assume that when the law refers to sources from whom reporters "obtain information," it refers to the way in which reporters normally obtain information in their role as reporters obtaining information from sources — that is, the source privately communicating with a reporter with some expectation of anonymity, hoping the reporter can use the information provided for research on a future story. Blog commenters do not fit that definition since (a) they are posting publicly, and (b) they are responding to a story that has already been written.
The judge also noted that the shield law is not absolute, and even for individuals who are considered "sources" under the law, their interest in maintaining anonymity has to be weighed against the importance of the information being sought. Judge Tognarelli wrote, "The Telegraph has an interest in protecting its online blogger's identities while the State has an interest in prosecuting someone who has allegedly murdered a child." That sounded to me like sarcasm on first reading, but actually I think he's just being logically rigorous.
So in this case, I think that you really could probably put 10 different judges in separate rooms and present them with the same facts and arguments, and have most of them (although probably not an overwhelming majority) come to the same conclusion. On the other hand, I would bet that you could ask 10 reasonably smart lay people to analyze the case, and about the same proportion of them would come to the same conclusion as well.
Is this logically correct?
By that I mean, could the arguments made in this ruling be extended to a conclusion that is clearly absurd?
Sometimes a ruling can be apparently in line with the law, but would have implications that would be absurd if carried only one step further. For example, in one of my spam cases in Small Claims court where I brought a case on behalf of Peacefire as a Washington corporation that I owned, a judge ruled that I couldn't represent Peacefire because the corporation was a separate legal entity. This would seem to be in line with the legal principle that only lawyers who are licensed to practice law are allowed to represent entities other than themselves; non-lawyers can only represent themselves. But carried one step further, the same principle leads to a conclusion that makes no sense: If corporations cannot be represented in Small Claims court by their owners, then since lawyers are not allowed in Small Claims court either, the logical conclusion would be that corporations cannot be represented by anybody in Small Claims court. By that logic, I (as an individual) could sue a corporation for any reason, and since nobody would be allowed to defend the case, I would have to win by default! Since that conclusion is obviously absurd, at least one of those two rules (the rule against lawyers in Small Claims, or the rule against people in Small Claims representing entities other than themselves) would have to be relaxed, and in the interests of keeping costs down, it makes more sense to let individuals represent corporations that they own. This is probably why every other judge so far has made the opposite ruling, that I am allowed to represent a corporation in Small Claims court if I'm the owner.
Does Judge Tognarelli's ruling lead to any absurd conclusions? I don't think so. In fact, the opposite conclusion could have led to an absurd result, if the judge had ruled that commenters posting on the newspaper's blog could seek protection as "news sources." If blog commenters were protected for comments they posted on the newspaper's blog, why shouldn't they be protected for comments they post on their own Web site somewhere else, since the two situations are logically equivalent? In both cases, you're speaking to the entire world, not providing information privately to a reporter. By extension, anybody who says anything, anywhere, at any time, would be protected as a "news source" if a reporter could later find a record of what that person said. While there are possibly merits to that idea — that all anonymous speakers should be protected from being unmasked — it's clearly not what the legislature meant, since they were legislating protection for "sources," not "everybody."
When the judge said "bloggers," did he mean "bloggers"?
No. This is the biggest flaw in what otherwise appears to be a logically and technically literate ruling: The court repeatedly used "bloggers" to refer to blog commenters:
"The subpoena seeks identifying information for bloggers who voluntarily left comments on the website..."
"Here, it is clear that the 'reporter' did not use any information from the bloggers..."
"The Telegraph has an interest in protecting its online blogger's identities..."
That's fine as long as everybody understands what the judge really meant. However, if an actual blogger — one who publishes quasi-news articles on a blog and could be considered a reporter in the traditional sense — ever has to use the court system to protect their identity from being unmasked, there is a danger that a court could cite the current case as precedent and say that "bloggers don't count as news sources." I would hope that a future court would read the current decision carefully enough to realize that it refers to blog commenters and not actual bloggers, but there's no guarantee.
Is this bad for civil liberties?
It depends. I think that all the court really said was that while bona fide news sources are protected under the shield law, the shield law does not apply to all people who post public information that might potentially be used for a news story someday. That was already the de facto legal situation that most of us were in — if you post something in a public forum that makes the police think you have information that could be relevant to the prosecution of a crime, they can probably get a court to unmask your identity with a subpoena.
It may be tempting to think that courts should interpret the shield law more broadly, but be careful what you wish for — if the shield law got diluted to the point where it applied to everybody, then that increases the chances that courts would carve out more exceptions to it or the legislature would rescind it, since neither the courts nor the legislature generally think that everybody deserves legally guaranteed anonymity all of the time.
If you do think that everybody — or, at least, you — deserves guaranteed anonymity for online postings, you can use tools like Tor to make your identity completely untraceable. I would guess that none of the blog commenters in this case went to that trouble.
In fact, one of the two commenters whose identity was ordered unmasked by the court, used the handle "mrssully." What if that turns out to be a woman whose last name is Sully, and who could have been trivially identified if the police had called the murder defendants' friends and acquaintances and asked, "Hey, who do you think 'Mrs. Sully' is?" The court ruling said that "the Sheriff's Office contacted 117 different individuals regarding the incident" and that "it would be a very expensive and a 'monumental task' to re-interview all of those witnesses." To re-interview all of them, yes. But it would not be a monumental task to have a junior member of the police force call up each of the 117 phone numbers for the witnesses and leave a message saying, "Hey, do you know a 'Mrs. Sully' who is connected to the defendant?" If someone calls back and says Yes, then maybe you've found who you're looking for; if not, then you've only wasted about two hours trying (at sixty seconds per phone number), so go ahead with the subpoena. If it turns out that "Mrs. Sully" is someone who could have been found in this way, then as a taxpayer and as someone who supports law enforcement at least insofar as they're conducting murder investigations, I might reasonably ask why the police didn't do that first.
New section called editorial (Score:5, Insightful)
The right to anonymous speech (Score:5, Insightful)
People have the right to anonymous free speech. Without that right, people can more easily harass the speakers into silence. And in this case, isn't this quite likely what is being sought?
Re:New section called editorial (Score:1, Insightful)
The first poster may or may not have said that out of spite, as Bennett Hassleton is clearly in love with his own writing, but it's a good point. It would be win-win for those who enjoy editorials and those who don't.
Free not Anonymous (Score:4, Insightful)
Free Speech is not anonymous speech. Just because you have the right to say whatever you want, with some caveats, doesn't mean you, at any point, are granted the protected right of being anonymous. You are currently at liberty to say what you want anonymously, but as with all liberties, it is not guaranteed by the Constitution.
Re:Won't affect me... (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:tl;dr and some style notes (Score:3, Insightful)
Not just for legal protection, either. It's a waste of time to re-explain things, or deal with misunderstandings. In business, I try to write in short sentences to make it easier on the people reading my memos and emails. I constantly remind myself "staccato" -- it helps :)
Re:Free not Anonymous (Score:2, Insightful)
We've grown up in a world in which we can say the most inane or offensive things without repercussions, so I understand why you think that freedom of speech is not impaired by limiting anonymous speech. The world is changing and, while we don't yet live in a society in which people die for speaking out against government officials (see Rodrigo Rosenberg case), once people start fearing for their livelihood or their well-being when they speak their mind, then freedom of speech depends on the right and ability to speak anonymously. In that sense, the right to anonymity is a direct prerequisite to freedom of speech when that freedom really matters.
Re:The right to anonymous speech (Score:3, Insightful)
Never does it say that the people have no right to anonymity. How exactly can we have free speech, religion, assembly, etc. if we are not anonymous? Since the issue is not addressed in the Constitution, that right falls to the people. Since the people have never been very interested in defending that right, the states and the federal government have encroached upon it in typical stepwise, 'think of the children', well-meaning, but ultimately misguided increments.
This decision is logical, though it would have been better to use the term 'commentor' rather than 'blogger'. Capital crimes investigations take priority over a lot of borderline practices in order to discourage more capital crimes. Even a proper news source could have been court-ordered to disclose a statement to the police in cases of murder, arson, kidnapping, terrorism, etc.
Lesser crimes (such as slander) would have no standing compared to the protections afforded by shield laws. If an anonymous person slanders you or your business, you sue them. They are breaking the law, which typically breaks their right to anonymous speech (as it is not covered speech). This is a completely unrelated and already resolved concern with no bearing on the issue of anonymity in general or shield laws and blogs in particular.
Re:Free not Anonymous (Score:1, Insightful)
But anonymity is a very strong bit of free speech.
Re:New section called editorial (Score:4, Insightful)
Re:tl;dr and some style notes (Score:2, Insightful)
Your writing is just fine. If you read actual legal notes, as I've been doing recently, you realize how convoluted writing really can be. It's sad that most readers can no longer read a sentence with more than one clause in it. That's the reader's problem, not yours. God forbid that writing should sink to the level of the lowest common denominator.
This is one reason I can't see the internet ever replacing newspapers or magazines. The latter are designed for slower, more thoughtful reading. The former is better for quick news bytes and shorter bits of information. They both have their place. But many problems are complex and can only be explained in a complex way. Of course the best writers still manage to make their complex explanations seem simple. But none do it without multiple clauses. That's just part of explaining something in terms more simple than black and white.
No comment. (Score:1, Insightful)
Re:Free not Anonymous (Score:2, Insightful)
"as with all liberties, it is not guaranteed by the Constitution"
All liberties are guaranteed by the Constitution! Many argued that the bill of rights should not be added to the Constitution because they feared that adding a list of rights would be construed to mean those where the only rights protected. They added the ninth and tenth amendments to clarify; however, most conveniently ignore them. History has proven their fears justified.
Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Re:Free not Anonymous (Score:1, Insightful)
Free Speech is not anonymous speech. Just because you have the right to say whatever you want, with some caveats, doesn't mean you, at any point, are granted the protected right of being anonymous. You are currently at liberty to say what you want anonymously, but as with all liberties, it is not guaranteed by the Constitution.
The right to free speech includes the right to anonymous speech. Speech isn't free if it isn't free from malicious retaliation, and the Supreme Court has ruled as much.