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Public Park Designated Copyrighted Space

Posted by Zonk on Sat Feb 12, 2005 03:37 PM
from the built-with-public-funds dept.
wiggles writes "The City of Chicago recently completed a $475 million park/civic center known as Millennium Park. One of the central features is a sculpture officially called Cloud Gate and unofficially called "The Bean". The Bean is a giant, 3 story, 110-ton hunk of highly reflective steel. Photographers taking pictures of the sculpture have been charged money by the city. The park district is claiming that pictures of the park violate the designers' and artists' copyrights. Quoth Karen Ryan, the press director for the park's project, "The copyrights for the enhancements in Millennium Park are owned by the artist who created them. As such, anyone reproducing the works, especially for commercial purposes, needs the permission of that artist." In response, Chicagoland bloggers have been posting as many pictures as they can get of The Bean."
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  • by Anonymous Coward on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:41PM (#11653811)
    Windy City, blow me.
  • by TimmyDee (713324) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:41PM (#11653812) Homepage Journal
    What happens to other publicly displayed works of art? Also, wasn't this payed for by the people of Chicago and thus now owned by the taxpayers? Shouldn't it be up to them to decide how to enforce/not enforce the copyright? Essentially, this is like Ford telling people not to take pictures of their own cars because the designers (read: the company) still own the copyright to the design.

    Appalling.
    • by OverlordQ (264228) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:44PM (#11653840) Journal
      From TFA:

      Update: Brian McCartney sez, "Just a note, the piece was not publicly paid for, it was a gift from SBC Communcations.


      So no it wasn't 'payed' for by the people of Chicago it was paid for by SBC.
      • by CosmeticLobotamy (155360) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:51PM (#11653913)
        Sweeeeeeeeeeeeeeeet. This means I can charge my brother for toast he makes in the crappy toaster I bought him for his wedding, right?
        • Either the artist wants to be pauid twice (for the commissioning of the work, and again for photos taken of it) or SBC wants to both give away the work and keep it.

          If they wanted to charge people for looking at it, they should have made the park private and charged admission. Having donated the piece to a public park, they've got the only bite at this particular cherry they deserve.

          Unless the RIAA figures out how to DRM your eyeballs, that is. Great SciFi plot idea, but in real life pretty miserable.
      • by Doc Ruby (173196) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:00PM (#11653982) Homepage Journal
        It's a gift. So what if it wasn't paid for by Chicagoans? It was a gift from SBC to them. So it's now the property of Chicago, of Chicagoans, of the public. BTW, anyone who thinks a gift from SBC to the City is really "free" wouldn't survive a Winter in Chicago - or a Summer, either.
        • by Peyna (14792) on Saturday February 12 2005, @05:04PM (#11654457) Homepage
          If I buy a painting from an artist, I have not bought the copyright along with that painting. I cannot make copies of it and distribute it.

          The same goes for a sculpture purchased by a city.
            • by Peyna (14792) on Saturday February 12 2005, @05:14PM (#11654510) Homepage
              Sorry, but you're wrong. The creator of the work holds the copyright. In copyright law "copy" refers to the original work as well as physical copies of it.

              17 USC 101, "The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed."

              17 USC 106, "Subject to sections 107 through 122, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following:
              (1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;
              (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;
              (3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;
              (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;
              (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and
              (6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission."
              • by Doc Ruby (173196) on Saturday February 12 2005, @05:23PM (#11654563) Homepage Journal
                Actually, it seems you are right, and that I am wrong. Your paragraphs don't address the transfer of copyright with the master recording (or any physical instance), but this paragraph does:


                Section 202 of the Copyright Act:
                "Ownership of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright, is distinct from any ownership of any material object in which the work is embodied. Transfer of ownership of any material object, including the copy or phonorecord in which the work is first fixed, does not of itself convey any rights in the copyrighted work embodied in the object."


                Thanks for straightening me out on that.

              • by Grax (529699) on Saturday February 12 2005, @08:46PM (#11655823)
                Now the trick is for the overlords to print up t-shirts that they retain the copyright for and then place their people in camera view of any event that they would like to censor.

                What if a news event would happen next to this sculpture? Could they deny coverage? If not then who decides what is newsworthy?

                I am sorry. Public sculptures, no matter how the court currently views them, should not be protected from photography. There is too much danger to freedom of speech.
                • by srmalloy (263556) on Saturday February 12 2005, @11:04PM (#11656676) Homepage
                  There is a distinct difference between art held in a gallery and art put on public display. When this distinction is blurred we run into the issue of putting an unfair limitation on photographers. If the display is on public lands and the upkeep is paid for from public funds then there should be no legal impediment to it being photographed.

                  The solution to this is to file a class-action lawsuit (on behalf of all the photographers in the city) back at the city on the basis that posting the sculpture in a public park and attempting to claim copyright infringement on photographs of the park that happen to include the sculpture constitutes a legal taking of the public's right to use the park, and require that the city immediately remove the sculpture, with damages to be paid to anyone who can present to the court a photograph of the park as proof of their use of the park for photographic purposes...

                  Sometimes stupid lawsuits have their uses...

            • Works of art (including the originals) can be bought with and without publication rights. I've bought examples of each. Owning the master copy of a record doesn't give you the right to make copies. It's having the contract that transfers (or licenses) the copyright that makes it worthwhile owning the master (other than as a collectible).

              If you're willing to wait the 150 years (+-50) that it takes for a copyright to expire these days, then you can make all of the copies that you want.

              That having been said, there's the concept of 'reasonable use' in copyright law, and taking pictures of something that's been donated to a public park should probably fit in that definition. If I lived in Chicago, I'd probably call their bluff and ask them to take me to court.
              If I was in a really snarky mood, and had the time and/or money, I might even file for a declaratory judgment.

      • by xstonedogx (814876) <xstonedogx@gmail.com> on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:15PM (#11654093)
        Way to quote only the part of the article that supports your argument. Here's the rest of the blurb:

        Brian McCartney sez, "Just a note, the piece was not publicly paid for, it was a gift from SBC Communcations. Not that it matters, it's still totally bogus." Too right -- the public are still paying for this, not just in upkeep, but in the tax-break to SBC, in the maintenance of the object, in the policing to stop photogs, and most of all in the cost to the public nature of its space that comes from having an unphotographable object splatted right in the middle of an otherwise very nice park.

        And, as another poster pointed out, regardless of who paid for it and how, it's now owned by the public.

        Not only that, but you apparently didn't bother to read the article linked to by the source you quoted.

        Here it is: http://www.millenniumpark.org/sbcplaza.htm [millenniumpark.org]

        From the article:
        The sculpture is made possible by a gift from the SBC Corporation.

        The article makes no mention of SBC paying for the actual sculpture. It makes reference to a "gift" which could have been the land (since it's called SBC Plaza) or a monetary donation which the city then used to pay for the sculpture.
        • White elephant (Score:5, Informative)

          by jc42 (318812) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:53PM (#11654359) Homepage Journal
          The traditional name for such a gift is "white elephant".

          The usual story explaining this is that occasionally very pale elephants are born, and in SE Asia, these have been traditionally considered a sacred beast. If you offended a king or prince or other powerful person, one way of getting back was to give you a "gift" of a white elephant. This obligated you to care for the elephant for the rest of your/its life. This could be somewhat of a financial burden, of course.

          Sounds like the people of Chicago have themselves such a gift. Especially if you can be sued and fined (or imprisoned?) for merely taking a picture of the gift at its very public location.

          This is probably also a good exhibit in any discussion of changing the copyright laws.

          • by miskatonic alumnus (668722) on Saturday February 12 2005, @05:37PM (#11654652)
            My parents created me as a work of art. Therefore, the police department cannot make copies of my image or fingerprints or DNA without paying the appropriate licensing fees. It's time to sue.
              • by midav (63224) on Saturday February 12 2005, @10:13PM (#11656404)
                The greedy pigs can stuff it.

                17 USC 113 (c).

                In the case of a work lawfully reproduced in useful articles that have been offered for sale or other distribution to the public, copyright does not include any right to prevent the making, distribution, or display of pictures or photographs of such articles in connection with advertisements or commentaries related to the distribution or display of such articles, or in connection with news reports.

                IANAL, however, it looks like if a work of art is displayed in a public place, it is OK to make pictures of it.

    • by Slak (40625) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:48PM (#11653881)
      I was married last year in Chicago (where I reside and pay substantial property and sales taxes), and tried to take some wedding pictures at the Chicago Park District's indoor conservatory. Security stopped my bride and me from being photographed. I was outraged! And Millenium Park is worse, since it was completely overbudget and YEARS late.

      But, what do you expect from a city that send bulldozers in the middle of the night to shut down an airport?

      Insane.
    • The Bean itself is voilating copyrights of the buildings that it reflects...the reflections themselves are "reproductions" of the buildings that are designed by artists and builders.

      I think the designers of the Prudential Building should charge the designers and the City of Chicago for the reproduction of their building without their permission.
    • by brwski (622056) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:00PM (#11653985)

      This is simply what happens when (and these are not necessarily related):

      1. Everything becomes a commodity,
      2. Representations of things become somehow more valuable than the things themselves.
      The first issue expresses itself most clearly in societies where money is held to be both the highest value and the Most Powerful Thing: whoever contols it, and can get their hands on it, clearly has The Power. Thus people seek to control the flow of commodities (which now include ideas, representations, waveforms, etc.) so as to tap into the flow of power, i.e., money. The second issue...well, the second issue is troublesome in its own special way. It also has been dealt with by Baudrillard time and time again. Just check out some of his essays...they're certainly not the final word on the subject, but they cover far more ground that may sensibly be covered here. One might perhaps want to begin with some of the essays in The Transparency of Evil or in Screened Out.
    • by VValdo (10446) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:05PM (#11654020)
      Try including a shot of the Hollywood Sign [hollywoodsign.org] in a motion picture. Turns out, it's is not just a city landmark, but a trademarked [microla.com] brand [mdientertainment.com] owned by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce [hollywoodchamber.net], which cannot be included in a distributed film without paying licensing [globalicons.com] fees.

      At least that's what I've read. It didn't show up in a quick trademark search for "hollywood sign" Has any other city landmark (Eiffel tower, etc.) been trademarked like this?

      W
      • by cpt kangarooski (3773) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:06PM (#11654030) Homepage
        No, that's 17 USC 106A. The appropriate section of the law is 106(1), which states that the copyright holder has the exclusive right to reproduce the work. 106 applies to all copyrighted works. 106A merely adds some additional rights with regards to works of visual art; it doesn't supplant 106.

        So yeah, if you take a photo of a copyrighted work, it will typically be infringing. There are some exceptions e.g. 107, 120, but no blanket exceptions that seem useful here.
        • by ivan256 (17499) * on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:26PM (#11654171)
          I'm sorry, but a photograph of a sculpture is not a reproduction of said sculpture. If people were out making photographs of some artist's photographs you'd have a point.

          Similarly, you can take photographs of jewlery, but if you take a wax mold and make your own reproductions - even if it's of a piece of jewelery you own - you are violating the artist's copyright. Even in that case though, jewelers get around the other jeweler's copyright my creating their own similar, but not copied, pieces with only subtle differences. Unless the original jeweler has a design patent on some of the unique elements of the design, this is perfectly legal.

          The issue here is that the city wants to make money selling postcards and nobody has sued their asses yet.
          • by Raul654 (453029) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:51PM (#11654346) Homepage
            "I'm sorry, but a photograph of a sculpture is not a reproduction of said sculpture. " - it's a transformative reproduction. There's enough creativity involved (choosing the angle etc) that if it were in the public domain, a picture if it would qualify for copyright; on the other hand, it's close enough to the original that it could be considered either a copy or a derivative work. These are the same issues that were litigated in the Bridegeman art Library v Corel case.
  • by vijayiyer (728590) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:41PM (#11653815)
    As far as I know, anything viewable from a public area may be photographed. If the artists want to enforce copyright, they should place their sculptures in an enclosed building.
  • by RLiegh (247921) * on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:42PM (#11653817) Homepage Journal
    people will be harassed and intimidated merely for taking photos of public landmarks! [nwsource.com]
      • by radish (98371) on Saturday February 12 2005, @06:18PM (#11654909) Homepage
        What I am saying is that the US and MANY other countries are/were attacked by Muslim extremists.
        So should we also be chacking up on people who look like the other terriorists who have attacked the US? Let's see. There's those washington sniper guys. They were black, so let's check up on anyone who's black. Then there's Timothy McVeigh - who was (as far as I can remember) a white christian. Better start locking up some white christians then.

        I think it's better to be over secure and have a lot of people as a false alarm then to let some real threats through and have another 9/11.

        Defending your freedoms by giving up your freedoms? Makes a lot of sense. Moron.
  • by Staplerh (806722) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:42PM (#11653818) Homepage
    This is outrageous. The funding came from two sources: public and private. The article addresses both. First public:

    The city's $270 million is mostly coming from bonds backed by revenue from the underground parking garages, said Lisa Schrader, a spokeswoman in the city's budget office.

    Paid for by the citizenry of Chicago. Now, there was also the private source:

    In all, about $200 million of the funding came from private contributors whose names are sprinkled throughout the park -- Wrigley Square, Bank One Promenade, BP Pedestrian Bridge, McCormick Tribune Plaza, the Lurie Garden.

    Boom, they have their recognition and return on their investment.

    My point is that these works of art are being errected in a public place, paid for by public funds and through private sponsorship (that has recieved its due return - free advertising in the form of building nomenclature). It is absolutely absurd that the citizens would be charged money to take pictures in their own damn park! Because that's what it is, they all own it through their tax dollars. Therefore, they should be able to take their damn pictures for free. Otherwise, can the city of Chicago really be providing the best government to its citizens?
  • Stupider (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Mark_MF-WN (678030) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:42PM (#11653819)
    The entire world is now stupider for having shared a planet with this foolishness.

    In a sense, this is a good thing, because it turns more people against the modern bastardization of copyright law. A few more incidents like this and America will be ready for serious reforms to copyright law.

  • by murderlegendre (776042) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:42PM (#11653821)
    Oh wait.. Chicago, the Windy City. Now I get it.
  • by g0hare (565322) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:43PM (#11653823)
    This country gets stupider with every second. If only Canada wasn't so bloody cold.
  • Charging money (Score:5, Insightful)

    by nuclear305 (674185) * on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:45PM (#11653848)
    "Photographers taking pictures of the sculpture have been charged money by the city."

    That's about one step short of the RIAA charging me every time I hear a song in a public place...

    Somehow I wouldn't be surprised if the city is keeping that money for themselves rather than collecting that money for the artists that created these so-called copyrighted works.

    I must also wonder how long this will go unchallenged. I can't see this standing up in court if, for example, the land was paid for using tax dollars instead of private funding.
  • by product byproduct (628318) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:47PM (#11653871)
    Place your own work in front of the sculpture, and sue them because their mirror is replicating your copyrighted work.
  • by SirChive (229195) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:52PM (#11653917)
    ...complete and absolute corporate control over a nation's legal framework.
  • by hellgate (85557) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:52PM (#11653919)
    BoingBoing recently ran a story [boingboing.net] about the Eiffel tower. Now, because the Eiffel tower was built in the 19th century, there's an extra twist: Only the tower at night (with its recently added lighting) is supposedly copyrighted.
  • by EEBaum (520514) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:01PM (#11653988) Homepage
    We need a new feature on Slashdot. For each news story, there should be a "scream in horror, pain, and disgust" button. This way, whenever a story is reported where otherwise well-thinking people do something that makes no logical sense whatsoever, you can simply press the button to register your "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARRRRRRGGGGGH."

    Each thread would have a scream counter, and perhaps also rate them by severity/incoherence. Perhaps a high-bandwidth version could be introduced in which posters can record their screams, and visitors can listen to all of them together, a la "millions of voices suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced."

    I bring this up because there is an increasing number of stories, like this one, where I think a good scream is necessary, but can't be made into a coherent thread.
  • Publicity Stunt (Score:5, Interesting)

    by bigtallmofo (695287) on Saturday February 12 2005, @04:04PM (#11654007)
    This was an extremely effective publicity stunt. Since I'm a contrarian that doesn't like to fall for such things, that's all I have to say on it.

    Take that, City of Chicago!
  • by rhu6ar6 (722859) on Saturday February 12 2005, @05:43PM (#11654690)
    I didn't see this list mentioned yet, the Picture Archive Council of America has a list of things you can't photograph [stockindustry.org].
  • by metoc (224422) on Saturday February 12 2005, @08:43PM (#11655804)
    The question is what is the legal status of "The Bean"?

    Judge for yourself.

    From http://www.publaw.com/photo.html/ [publaw.com]

    Photographs of Property

    Although property does not enjoy a right to privacy or publicity that there are other bodies of the law that might prohibit or restrict the unauthorized use of a photograph containing property. These bodies of law may include among others contract, trademark, unfair competition, copyright and trespass law.

    The guiding principle, that of course is muddled with exceptions, is that as long as a photograph of private property is taken while the photographer is on public property or on property that is open to the public then it is permissible to publish that photograph without permission from the owner of the property.

    However, there are exceptions where it may be necessary or advisable to obtain permission from the owner of the property. These exceptions may include among others, a photograph of (i) artwork displayed in a museum, gallery or other location, (ii) a well-recognized product, such as a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, where the manufacturer has been litigious with respect to commercial uses of photographs containing their product, (iii) a building where the building design is protected by a federal trademark registration - recently there was litigation involving a photograph of the Rock and Rock Hall of Fame, (iv) a "famous" pet such as Lassie, (v) interiors of private buildings and (vi) personal property, such as their clothing or jewelry, that could identify an individual.
    • by Janitha (817744) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:48PM (#11653873) Homepage
      Ahem..

      Search for Cloud Gate bean [google.com]
      • yes he is (Score:5, Interesting)

        by zogger (617870) on Saturday February 12 2005, @06:30PM (#11654989) Homepage Journal
        ..that's a good point and any group who wanted to countersue for using their image as part of the artisitic expression should sue him all the way into bankruptcy. The "art" is most definetly using other folks images once they are reflected in it. Mexican standoff then, I hope it happens. I do landscaping sometimes, I should copyright all the work I do, photo it and document it, then charge people a fee to drive by and look at it. either turn their heads or pay a copyright "license to view" fee.

        This is ridiculous, absurd, insane. It's not even the least bit humorous or logical. To infringe the copyright, one would have to make a copy of the sculpture. That's what "copy" means, to make a "copy", an exact duplicate. A photo is not a copy of a sculpture, it's a reference to it at best.
      • by WormholeFiend (674934) on Saturday February 12 2005, @03:56PM (#11653950)
        I copyrighted my own voice, so I could charge companies for phone calls when they start with an automated message that says "this call may be recorded for [whatever reason]..."