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Russian Student Arrested For Revealing DirecTV Secrets

Posted by timothy on Thu Jan 02, 2003 04:27 PM
from the all-over-again dept.
An anonymous reader writes "The Associated Press is reporting the arrest of Igor Serebryany, 19, of Los Angeles for industrial espionage under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Serebryany is accused of providing details of DirecTVs 'P4' card technology to a number of websites."
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  • Information wants to be free!
  • by dr_dank (472072) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:32PM (#5001511) Homepage Journal
    According to confidential law enforcement memos, he is also suspected of starting the "IN SOVIET RUSSIA" cliche.

    This has a maximum punishment of 20 years of hard labor building beowulf clusters for Profit!
  • by Rimbo (139781) <rimbosity@nOsPaM.sbcglobal.net> on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:33PM (#5001521) Homepage Journal
    What he did is just as illegal as if I'd stolen a bunch of information on Magellan's tracking software to distribute or use for my company's navigation software. This doesn't appear to be a case where the technology was reverse engineered and published by that means, which should be protected.

    You'll note that this is not being described as a DMCA case, but as industrial espionage. And if it's true and he's convicted, he should go to jail like all the other white-collar criminals who do this.
    • It also sounds as if he may have violated the attorney-client privilege between the law firm that employed him and their customer DirectTV. The information he is said to have taken is information that you could not have gotten under subpoena in the US, because customer-attorney discussions are treated as secret in the law. Besides being against whatever NDA the law firm made him sign, this is probably something that would offend most judges.

      Bruce

      • by Bruce Perens (3872) <bruce@pe[ ]s.com ['ren' in gap]> on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:54PM (#5001756) Homepage Journal
        And by the way, since we're speaking about industrial espionage, is ESR's involvement with the Haloween memos - which presumably he received from a Microsoft employee and published - industrial espionage? I think technically it might be, although MS has more to lose from charging him than it does from leaving him alone. Unless, of course, they are delibrate leaks.

        Bruce

        • by satch89450 (186046) on Thursday January 02 2003, @06:29PM (#5002522) Homepage

          Since [h]e wasn't a lawyer, but rather was in the employ of a lawyer, is it possible for him to violate attorney-client privilege (I honestly don't know)?

          The correct answer is "it depends on which state we are talking about." Basic agency/principal law would say that the action of the lawyer's employee would reflect on the lawyer himself/herself, and the disclosure is a clear violation of the canons of virtually every state of the Union. The devil is in the details of the Codes of Conduct of the State Bar Association.

          One thing is virtually certain: that lawyer is going to have a very bad start to 2003.

          IANAL -- I am not a lawyer

        • by afidel (530433) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:18PM (#5001995)
          breach of an NDA is a tort, or civil penalty. What he did goes beyond that and is industrial espionage, which is a criminal charge. I can break an NDA without commiting industrial espionage and only have to pay whatever monetary penalties a judge orders. This is similar to OJ being found not guilty of the criminal charge of murder but responsible for wrongfull death, he serves no jail time but he does have to pay the families of the victims a very large sum of money.
  • Oh great... (Score:5, Funny)

    by gpinzone (531794) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:35PM (#5001534) Homepage Journal
    Mitnick finally gets out of jail, Skylov gets amnesty, and now I gotta endure all the "FREE SEREBRYANY" sigs on Slashdot. When will the madness stop?!
  • Any takers?
  • by KaMiKa-Z77 (610817) <carlos.rubalcava@gmail . c om> on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:37PM (#5001556) Homepage
    The article states:
    "Serebryany was charged under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 [...] It prohibits anyone from disclosing trade secrets for economic benefit"

    But it does not say wether he sold the info to the websites. If he did, I'd say he's in deep doodoo.
    • by geek (5680) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:39PM (#5001585)
      Does it need to be HIS economic benefit? If not then the sites he gave it to benefitted. Why aren't they introuble for recieving stolen merchandise?

      I don't think we have all the facts here. Unless I'm missing something.
    • by Nynaeve (163450) <slashdot.bcts@us> on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:41PM (#5001605)
      Read the last paragraph:

      It prohibits anyone from disclosing trade secrets for economic benefit, and carries penalties in this case up to 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Although investigators acknowledge that Serebryany apparently didn't profit from the disclosures, the law bars giving away secrets for anyone else's economic benefit.

  • by rootmonkey (457887) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:37PM (#5001562)
    "It prohibits anyone from disclosing trade secrets for economic benefit, and carries penalties in this case up to 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Although investigators acknowledge that Serebryany apparently didn't profit from the disclosures, the law bars giving away secrets for anyone else's economic benefit. "

    Will the charges hold up under this act?
    • "Will the charges hold up under this act?"

      It's an issue for the lawyers and courts to decide, which frequently has little bearing on common sense. Should they prove that he did acquire the documents without permission (as opposed to, oh say, reverse-engineering the information) then I imagine that all they'd have to prove is that the information -could- be used by another party for economic benefit, not that his intention was for that to happen. And that will be very easy to prove, since there are companies that make cable converters and the like, and even an individual stealing DirecTV gains economically by virtue of not having to pay for what he/she receives.
  • by ScaryClown (62064) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:38PM (#5001573)
    Why is it that everyone at slashdot feels like they have the rights to any information that is out there?

    This person stole technology plans while working at a law firm. He didn't reverse engineer, he stole. This is illegal and should be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. This is not a case of our rights being stepped on. This is a case of the rights of a company to trust that when they disclose something to a law firm that it won't end up all over the internet.
    • by DarkSkiesAhead (562955) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:59PM (#5001815)

      Why is it that everyone at slashdot feels like they have the rights to any information that is out there?
      I think you misunderstand the slashdot crowd. It's not that everyone here thinks they have the right to everything. The slashdot crowd is concerned about vague, overly-strict laws being used inappropriately. This incident is a possible (not certain, bet definately possible) example of such an issue.

      Serebryany was accused of violating a law which prohibits stealing economic secrets for profit, or for the profit of those to whom the secrets are provided. Serebryany, however, did not profit from them, does not appear to expect to profit, and the websites do not appear to be profiting. This would seem to be the misapplication of a very strong law for the purpose of busting someone who has greatly pissed off a very large corporation but may only be guilty of a minor crime.

      The greater issue is that if the government can get away with applying laws recklessly and arbitrarily then people whose jobs/lives/hobbies involve information or activities which might one day be injustly prosecuted may be in danger. This is rather worrisome to the slashdot crowd for obvious reasons.

      • Parts is parts (Score:4, Insightful)

        by kfg (145172) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:14PM (#5001949)
        "What would have happened if Henry Ford had not come up with standardized parts"

        Well, nothing really, because he didn't. Sam Colt did.

        Other things Henry Ford didn't come up with include the car, the assembly line and mass production.

        He was a strong believer in trade secrets though, and the sort of guy who wouldn't hire lawyer if you stole one from him. He was more inclined to hire a thug to beat your head in with a baseball bat.

        He was also a primary participant in one of the longest, nastiest and expesive patent busting cases in American history.

        Go figure.

        KFG
        • Re:Parts is parts (Score:5, Informative)

          by jcr (53032) <jcr@ma c . c om> on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:30PM (#5002088) Journal
          "What would have happened if Henry Ford had not come up with standardized parts"

          Well, nothing really, because he didn't. Sam Colt did.


          Nope, Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts. There's a very famous story of him demonstrating the concept to president Adams and the secretary of war, who awarded him a contract for 10,000 muskets in 1798.

          -jcr

  • by bobdotorg (598873) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:39PM (#5001583)
    Yet anoher example of the weakest link in security being the human link.

    I've followed DirecTv's skirmishes with hackers for a few years and have always believed that Dave's (DirecTV / NDS) house of cards would crumble from the inside. It's simply a matter of how many people have access to the keys.
  • Yea, and? (Score:5, Insightful)

    by sdo1 (213835) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:41PM (#5001600) Journal
    Before anyone goes crazy (yea, when has -that- ever happened here), please go read the article. Here's a useful quote...

    Serebryany obtained the documents while working part-time at a law firm in California that performed legal work for DirecTV.

    I'm -sure- they had to have had a non-disclosure agreement in place, especially working with a law firm. They guy broke the law and stole coroprate trade secrets. He should be arrested.

    Now if he'd bought himself a DirecTV receiver and reverse-engineered the thing himself, and then got arrested, I'd scream "foul!". But come on... this is no Dmitry Skylarov case. This sounds like a case working the way the law should work.

    -S

  • Fry him (Score:4, Redundant)

    by Uhh_Duh (125375) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:42PM (#5001619) Homepage

    Since he obtained the documents working for a law firm, and I have a hard time believing a law firm wouldn't make an employee sign an NDA, this guy should fry.

    No sympathy for those that distribute trade secrets. Intellectual property is far too valuable to ignore cases like this.

    My 2.5 cents.

    • Re:Fry him (Score:5, Informative)

      by Uhh_Duh (125375) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:59PM (#5001816) Homepage

      For those of you with no knowledge of american culture.. "Fry him" often just means "send him up the creek". Calm down kids.
      • Re:Fry him (Score:5, Informative)

        by MegaFur (79453) <wyrd0@nOsPAm.komy.zzn.com> on Thursday January 02 2003, @06:08PM (#5002391) Journal
        It's good of you to be helpful by explaining that "fry him", in this case, does not mean "kill him". However, note that you have replaced one weird American idiom with another ("send him up the creek").

        To anyone still confused: in this case, it's likely that the original poster simply meant that the justice system should show the alleged stealer of secrets no mercy--that they should prosecute him to the fullest extent of the law. It's doubtful that the original poster meant that they should electrocute the alleged thief.
        • Re:Fry him (Score:4, Funny)

          by suwain_2 (260792) on Thursday January 02 2003, @06:16PM (#5002440) Journal
          It's doubtful that the original poster meant that they should electrocute the alleged thief.

          But if the original poster were a member of the RIAA, it would be a completely different story.
  • by zatz (37585) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:42PM (#5001625) Homepage
    I could understand treating international industrial espionage as a criminal matter; I don't think you can get someone extradited to face a suit in civil court, which is where this is normally resolved. But the guy lives in the US. Why isn't a suit good enough? Has disclosing a trade secret been considered criminal until recently?

    Reading a (slightly dated) article [bc.edu] on the legislation being used to prosecute him, I'm not even convinced that requirements of intent are met in this case. Who was he hoping to provide economic benefit to? Do the satellite hackers sell mod chips?
      • That's not obvious. It's not anything you can hoard or resell, for example. Just because the satellite service charges a lot for it doesn't make it worth that much.

        I think even the argument that the satellite companies are harmed by lost revenue is stronger.
  • by drunkmonk (241978) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:43PM (#5001643) Homepage
    As a few other posters have already said, it looks like this kid just straight-up stole information DirecTV. That's illegal in any country, and I'm going to say he'll probably be treated nicer than he would be had he gotten caught in a number of other countries.

    What's funny is that Slashdot is reporting this as a YRO article... I'm pretty sure industrial espionage isn't on anyone's list of rights...
    • by Anixamander (448308) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:01PM (#5001840) Journal
      What's funny is that Slashdot is reporting this as a YRO article... I'm pretty sure industrial espionage isn't on anyone's list of rights...

      You're new here, aren't you?

      Information wants to be stolen.
      I will now prepare for my first flamebait mod.
  • by killbill (10058) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:44PM (#5001650) Homepage
    Take a deep breath and read the story before going off here (unlike the editors who post these stories)...

    The guy *worked* for a legal company that had access to sensitive company documents. He *stole* the documents, then released them to the underground web sites.

    This was not some clever hacker sitting in a basement and figuring a bunch of stuff out with a soldering iron in one hand and scope probes in the other.

    How would you feel if some clerk at your university office did the same thing with your class transcripts? Some waiter posted your charge card number? Some guy at the help desk of your ISP sold your email account and password to a company that writes spammer distribution programs?

    There are legitimate issues with the DCMA and similar legislation and common law that *really need* to be hammered out. Waving guys like this around as "little guy getting stuck by the man" is the *worst* thing we can do for sensible legislation.
    • The guy *worked* for a legal company that had access to sensitive company documents. He *stole* the documents, then released them to the underground web sites.

      This was not some clever hacker sitting in a basement and figuring a bunch of stuff out with a soldering iron in one hand and scope probes in the other.


      What is illegal is that he obtained this information that is a trade secret of DirectTV. The fact that he obtained the information from a legal firm is not at issue - or he would be sued in civil court in breach of his NDA, not find himself in criminal court on industrial espionage charges.

      Why does the mechanism by which he obtained those secrets important? Do you really believe that because it is done by a hacker this somehow magically makes it okay? What exactly makes obtaining trade secrets through reverse engineering alright, but doing so by reading documents in a lawyer's office illegal? It is the fact that he obtained and published the secrets that is wrong, not the manner by which he aqcuired them.
  • I give up. (Score:5, Insightful)

    by xenoweeno (246136) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:48PM (#5001690)
    What does a teenager committing brazen theft have to do with My Rights Online?
  • by _Sambo (153114) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:51PM (#5001728)
    That is if you are a Russian living in or visiting the US. There is an instant distrust extended to foreigners living in a strange land. But the US has no monopoly on bigotry. I've been on the receiving end of that deal in Russia.

    I'm a Republican who loves Russia. I lived in Russia for two years after high school and graduated with a degree in Russian.

    As far as this case goes, it's going to be a difficult one for both the prosecutors and the defenders. In order for the prosecution to win, they'll have to prove that Igor Serebryany was trying to steal secrets for his, or someone else's profit.

    It seems that the Corporations would have had a better case by going after the law firm that breached a contractual relationship of trust. Bringing the feds in was not the best move. Igor will not finish his education here, even if he wins the case, and that is the really sucky part of this whole deal.

  • DirecTV and me (Score:3, Interesting)

    by dl248 (67452) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:10PM (#5001917) Homepage
    As a Canadian who has a DirectTV dish and receiver and loves watching "grey market" TV, I hope there are more guys like him at DirectTV. Sure dealers of the hardware and those in the US are getting arrested in droves, but the Canadian end-user is apparently never bothered by the law.

    What I do isn't in the moral good-books, but I can't imagine paying for the piles of crappy programming that are offered by DirectTV or the Canadian equivilants -- I watch the NHL games the the occasional movie, and would pay a reasonable fee to do it above-board, but I can't seriously imagine shelling out hundreds per month to do it.

    FYI -- Canadians CAN'T subscribe to DirectTV due to Canadian laws, as the government feels that we should be using the alternatives in our own country. However that doesn't stop a wackload of people from watching "grey-market" TV -- it isn't illegal, but you can't actually legally subscribe to it. It's really a very strange situation.
  • Big Discrepancy (Score:5, Interesting)

    by LinuxHam (52232) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:15PM (#5001967) Homepage Journal
    Well, maybe not *that* big, but ABC News is reporting [go.com] that he actually worked for a digital IMAGING company that was contracted out by the law firm to create digital copies of these sensitive docs. Adjust arguments appropriately knowing that he didn't work for the law firm.

    Sometimes it helps to search [google.com] for alternative versions of the story.
  • by djembe2k (604598) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:32PM (#5002101)
    OK, I guess I'll make this argument, even if I don't entirely believe it, because I've read almost every comment to this story to this point, and nobody else is.

    Lots of people are saying "He broke the law, so fry him", but you don't really mean that, because the consensus around here is that some folks who break some laws (i.e. bad laws, laws we don't like) are heroes who don't deserve frying. But this law is a law preventing theft, and since we all agree that theft is bad, and we don't want our stuff stolen, we basically like this law.

    But in this case, what he stole was a description of technology that is going to be used to stifle the flow of information. Somebody could argue that this property doesn't deserve to be protected from theft, and that anybody who steals from the information-rich to give to the information-poor doesn't deserve to be punished.

    If this doesn't prove that the law is bad in general, it proves that this application of this law is protecting an unjust institutionalized system of information as property, when information isn't and shouldn't be treated as property.

    If you treat this as an act of civil disobedience, in the style of MLK, then let the system arrest and punish the guy, so that the system reveals its own injustice to anybody who happens to be watching.

    I'm not sure I buy it myself, but I think it is a serious argument to consider, and so I'll throw it out there, since nobody else seems to be.

  • by Str8Dog (240982) on Thursday January 02 2003, @05:51PM (#5002270) Homepage Journal
    You can find good info on the DirecTV hacking scene at PirateDen [pirateden.com] and HackP4 [hackp4.com].

    A lot of these people are ligit suscribers to DirecTV service. They see this as a game, release files to the public and see what Dave counters with. Its your typical hacker scene, more about bragging rights than free TV.

    That is not to say it hasnt caused a black market to spring up. There are lots of scammers out there trying to rip people off. Just search eBay or Google for HU 3m some time.
  • kids today (Score:5, Funny)

    by geekoid (135745) <dadinportlandNO@SPAMyahoo.com> on Thursday January 02 2003, @07:00PM (#5002757) Homepage Journal
    in my day we had to actually work to crack a system. social engineering, scopes, reverse engineering. Not kids today, they just steal the documantation and call themselves hackers.grumble grumble, mutter, wheez
  • by werdna (39029) on Thursday January 02 2003, @07:39PM (#5003030) Homepage Journal
    A common pattern in the threads below is a sense of incredulity that something other than civil remedies are available for misappropriation of a trade secret. Criminal responsibility for trade secret theft is actually quite common, and there are statutes in most states addressing same.

    Usually, DA's have better things to do than to prosecute causes for which civil remedies provide adequate deterrence, relying instead on the private actions to keep honest folks honest. But every now and then, civil remedies fail to adequately encourage good behavior -- particularly when the defendant is effectively judgment-proof -- and a state attorney may decide to try to get someone's attention.

    At any rate, the Economic Espionage Act is simply a Federal law against theft of trade secrets. The remedies are tougher than most analogous state laws, but so are the reqirements. No doubt, the language is somewhat different from uniform acts, but it is hardly anything new or special -- and chances are that if it weren't applicable, one or more state laws would also be relevant.
  • by tlambert (566799) on Thursday January 02 2003, @10:37PM (#5003931)
    Here's why this may be about your rights...

    This is about the disclosure of a trade secret by an employee of an employee of a company being prosecuted as if it were an act of industrial espionage by a person employed by a foreign power in order to harm the U.S. industrial base relative to foreign competition.

    There are several problems here:

    1) We don't know if he had legal access to these documents, prior to the disclosure, in the course of his normal work responsibilities, as assigned by his employer.

    2) We don't know if he's the original discloser, or if, assuming he did *not* have legitimate access, the original discloser was someone who left a CDROM sitting in the lunch room, instead of maintaining physical control over the information, as required by due dilligence... making them the discloser.

    3) Trade Secrets have no constitutional protection. This is on purpose. To obtain constitutional protection, you have to file a patent, and agree to lose that protection after the patent expires. The lack of protection is intentional, to encourage disclosure.

    If he went out of his way to steal the documents, that's one thing. If it's simple disclosure, however. which seems likely, then the amount of recourse is (intentionally) limited to damages to the company, recoverable from him personally.

    In any case, now that the information is disclosed, it's disclosed: it's in the public domain. The company has the right (in the U.S.) to file patent, up to a year following first public disclosure. Foreign patents, except for Japan, are now impossible -- if they weren't imposssible as software patents everywhere else (except Japan, again), anyway.

    Personally, I doubt he had to violate the law to obtain the information, and I doubt that he profitted from the disclosure, and I doubt foreign companies will profit from the disclosure. So this is a likely an attempt to bludgeon him for the disclosure, using an inappropriate law.

    On the other hand, it's likely that no one will hire him for an NDA position, ever again, even if he didn't violate NDA through the disclosure (by being a person who picked up a CDROM that was not dilligently stored or protected by someone else). That's as it should be.

    In any case...

    The reason that makes this about your rights, is that Trade Secrets are not Constitutionally entitled to the level of preotection that is being attempted to be enforced in this case.

    We should be wary of any attempts to increase legal protections for Trade Secrets, without some benefit to society, in trade (and that's what Patents and Copyrights are intended to do). Permitting a company to obtain (in effect) patent protection without the disclosure required for patent protection is simply wrong.

    -- Terry
    • What I want to know is how did he get the information in the first place

      RTFA!

      "Serebryany obtained the documents while working part-time at a law firm in California that performed legal work for DirecTV."
    • by sweetooth (21075) on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:43PM (#5001627) Homepage
      Good grief, it says right in the article that he worked for a lawfirm that handled DirectTV legal issues. He had access to these documents because of his job.

      The only issue is which law he was arrested for breaking. It is the toughest of such laws and is meant for people that take these actions with the intention of monetary benefit. He didn't benefit monetarily. However, the law apparently also says that you can't give trade secrets to anyone else that will benefit from them monetarily either. So there is the assumption that he gave it to people that will use it for monetary benefit.

      He broke a law and deserves to be arrested. Did they choose the right law? That's for a jury to decide.
    • He **STOLE** the documents from his employer and sent them to web sites that specialize in the hardware/software to make fake cards to steal DirecTV programming.

      Unless he's brain damaged, I'd have to assume that he knew exactly what he was doing.
    • How is this security through obscurity? This is a simple failure of procedural security. The law firm that this happened at should have to explain to DirecTV how a part-timer got this much access to this much sensitive information. If he was supposed to have that access, and they didn't hit him with tons of NDAs, then it's also their fault. If he was supposed to have access and he *did* get hit with tons of NDAs, then they (rightly) should prosecute the hell out of him.

      But inno way does this have anything to do with security through obscurity...why would you think it does?
    • Re:This is good (Score:5, Insightful)

      by unicron (20286) <unicron.thcnet@net> on Thursday January 02 2003, @04:50PM (#5001716) Homepage
      I'm not trying to troll here, but this shit is tiring after awhile. The fact that this is listed under YRO is some laughable shit. Committing a crime is committing a crime. I don't care how intelligent you had to be to do it or if you used your linux box or you put an advanced knowledge of computing into it, it's still a crime. I'm so sick of all of these people on /. thinking that if someone breaks the law, but they do it in a really bitching way using technology, or the crime itself revolves around technology, then that person should be elevated to the status of a hero.

      If 5 years from now, cars became so computer controlled that you could literally hack into them and steal them, then drive them remotely, and some guy did this, it shames me to say that it would make a YRO article and we would be called to arms to defend this obvious victim from the slings and arrows of the cruel and unjust American justice system.
    • what's so amazing about this "P4" techonology that no one has been able to crack it yet? Has it only been on the market a week? Or is it just really that good?

      The HU cards still work and the P4 cards are still relatively rare (they've been around for ~6 months, but only come with really new recievers or in the mail if your HU card gets fried), so there hasn't been much time spent on cracking them yet. If it seems like they're going to turn off the HU data stream, you can bet your ass that some hotshot DirecTV cracker out there would figure out how to crack the P4 stuff.
    • Here is 18 U.S.C. sec. 1831 for your own eyes, but it looks like he only had to "know" that it would benefit a foreign gov't, agent, or instrumtality. To me I think the intent of this statute is to prevent espionage of the overseas variety, but good lawyers make their money fleshing out the grey areas like this when it's the person that is foreign. Who knows if he wanted to benefit foreign gov'ts; to my mind I think he just wanted free DirecTV. DirecTV has just been plagued by these hacked cards so long, I think the reason they're bringing charges under sec.1831 is they've done some serious lobbying to help bring out the big guns to make an example of some people now.

      here's the statutory goodness...

      1831. Economic espionage

      (a) In General.-- Whoever, intending or knowing that the offense will benefit any foreign government, foreign instrumentality, or foreign agent, knowingly--

      (1) steals, or without authorization appropriates, takes, carries away, or conceals, or by fraud, artifice, or deception obtains a trade secret:
      (2) without authorization copies, duplicates, sketches, draws, photographs, downloads, uploads, alters, destroys, photocopies, replicates, transmits, delivers, sends, mails, communicates, or conveys a trade secret:

      (3) receives, buys, or possesses a trade secret, knowing the same to have been stolen or appropriated, obtained, or converted without authorization:

      (4) attempts to commit any offense described in any of paragraphs (1) through (3); or

      (5) conspires with one or more other persons to commit any offense described in any of paragraphs (1) through (4), and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of conspiracy.
      shall, except as provided in subsection (b), be fined not more than $500,000 or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.

      (b) ORGANIZATIONS.- Any organization that commits any offense described in subsection (a) shall be fined not more than $10,000,000.